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    DNS Hack Needs Patching – Serious Problem

    Posted by :Derek On : July 10, 2008
    0

    Category: Infrastructure, Internet, Security

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    This has been kept under wraps by the Operating System and Hardware vendors for the last few weeks and now patches have finally been released for many Operating Systems, DNS software applications and Hardware devices.
    If you provide or rely on DNZ services (external and Internal) you should consider quickly patching your servers/devices.

    Although Internal DNS servers may not be exposed to an Internet attack, we see many more internal attacks within larger organisations which involve rogue server or services being established within the firewalled trusted network. As a result, this lifts the threat level of internal systems/services and therefore the need for effective timely patching.

    Also consider asking the question of your hosting facility, upstream ISP or DNS provider to see if they have patched their DNS servers and forwarders.

    http://www.doxpara.com/?p=1162 This link also has a DNS checker.
    http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5hwFqcnWAuDWlcqfvfyHu5PGG9RMQ
    http://www.kb.cert.org/vuls/id/800113

    This is a full list of vendor patch links
    http://www.betanews.com/article/Major_fix_to_DNS_vulnerability_impacts_Windows_Debian/1215551008

    Good Luck

    Cisco Command Cheat Sheet

    Posted by :Derek On : July 4, 2008
    8

    Category: Infrastructure, Internet

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    I found a list of useful Cisco commands which I though I would post here.

    ROUTER COMMANDS :

    • Config# terminal editing – allows for enhanced editing commands
    • Config# terminal monitor – shows output on telnet session
    • Config# terminal ip netmask-format hexadecimal|bit-count|decimal – changes the format of subnet masks

    HOST NAME:

    • Config# hostname ROUTER_NAME

    BANNER:

    • Config# banner motd # TYPE MESSAGE HERE # – # can be substituted for any character, must start and finish the message

    DESCRIPTIONS:

    • Config# description THIS IS THE SOUTH ROUTER – can be entered at the Config-if level

    CLOCK:

    • Config# clock timezone Central -6
      # clock set hh:mm:ss dd month yyyy – Example: clock set 14:13:00 25 August 2003

    CHANGING THE REGISTER:

    • Config# config-register 0x2100 – ROM Monitor Mode
    • Config# config-register 0x2101 – ROM boot
    • Config# config-register 0x2102 – Boot from NVRAM

    BOOT SYSTEM:

    • Config# boot system tftp FILENAME SERVER_IP – Example: boot system tftp 2600_ios.bin 192.168.14.2
    • Config# boot system ROM
    • Config# boot system flash – Then – Config# reload

    CDP:

    • Config# cdp run – Turns CDP on
    • Config# cdp holdtime 180 – Sets the time that a device remains. Default is 180
    • Config# cdp timer 30 – Sets the update timer.The default is 60
    • Config# int Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# cdp enable – Enables cdp on the interface
    • Config-if# no cdp enable – Disables CDP on the interface
    • Config# no cdp run – Turns CDP off

    HOST TABLE:

    • Config# ip host ROUTER_NAME INT_Address – Example: ip host lab-a 192.168.5.1
      -or-
    • Config# ip host RTR_NAME INT_ADD1 INT_ADD2 INT_ADD3 – Example: ip host lab-a 192.168.5.1 203.23.4.2 199.2.3.2 – (for e0, s0, s1)

    DOMAIN NAME SERVICES:

    • Config# ip domain-lookup – Tell router to lookup domain names
    • Config# ip name-server 122.22.2.2 – Location of DNS server
    • Config# ip domain-name cisco.com – Domain to append to end of names

    CLEARING COUNTERS:

    • # clear interface Ethernet 0 – Clears counters on the specified interface
    • # clear counters – Clears all interface counters
    • # clear cdp counters – Clears CDP counters

    STATIC ROUTES:

    • Config# ip route Net_Add SN_Mask Next_Hop_Add – Example: ip route 192.168.15.0 255.255.255.0 205.5.5.2
    • Config# ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 Next_Hop_Add – Default route
      -or-
    • Config# ip default-network Net_Add – Gateway LAN network

    IP ROUTING:

    • Config# ip routing – Enabled by default
    • Config# router rip
      -or-
    • Config# router igrp 100
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ip address 122.2.3.2 255.255.255.0
    • Config-if# no shutdown

    IPX ROUTING:

    • Config# ipx routing
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config# ipx maximum-paths 2 – Maximum equal metric paths used
    • Config-if# ipx network 222 encapsulation sap – Also Novell-Ether, SNAP, ARPA on Ethernet. Encapsulation HDLC on serial
    • Config-if# no shutdown

    ACCESS LISTS:

    IP Standard1-99
    IP Extended100-199
    IPX Standard800-899
    IPX Extended900-999
    IPX SAP Filters1000-1099

    IP STANDARD:

    • Config# access-list 10 permit 133.2.2.0 0.0.0.255 – allow all src ip’s on network 133.2.2.0
      -or-
    • Config# access-list 10 permit host 133.2.2.2 – specifies a specific host
      -or-
    • Config# access-list 10 permit any – allows any address
    • Config# int Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ip access-group 10 in – also available: out

    IP EXTENDED:

    • Config# access-list 101 permit tcp 133.12.0.0 0.0.255.255 122.3.2.0 0.0.0.255 eq telnet
      -protocols: tcp, udp, icmp, ip (no sockets then), among others
      -source then destination address
      -eq, gt, lt for comparison
      -sockets can be numeric or name (23 or telnet, 21 or ftp, etc)
      -or-
    • Config# access-list 101 deny tcp any host 133.2.23.3 eq www

    -or-

    • Config# access-list 101 permit ip any any
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ip access-group 101 outIPX STANDARD:
    • Config# access-list 801 permit 233 AA3 – source network/host then destination network/host

    -or-

    • Config# access-list 801 permit -1 -1 – “-1” is the same as “any” with network/host addresses
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ipx access-group 801 outIPX EXTENDED:
    • Config# access-list 901 permit sap 4AA all 4BB all
      – Permit protocol src_add socket dest_add socket
      -“all” includes all sockets, or can use socket numbers

    -or-

    • Config# access-list 901 permit any any all any all
      -Permits any protocol with any address on any socket to go anywhere
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ipx access-group 901 inIPX SAP FILTER:
    • Config# access-list 1000 permit 4aa 3 – “3” is the service type

    -or-

    • Config# access-list 1000 permit 4aa 0 – service type of “0” matches all services
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0
    • Config-if# ipx input-sap-filter 1000 – filter applied to incoming packets

    -or-

    • Config-if# ipx output-sap-filter 1000 – filter applied to outgoing packets

    NAMED ACCESS LISTS:

    • Config# ip access-list standard LISTNAME
      -can be ip or ipx, standard or extended
      -followed by the permit or deny list
    • Config# permit any
    • Config-if# ip access-group LISTNAME in
      -use the list name instead of a list number
      -allows for a larger amount of access-lists

    PPP SETUP:

    • Config-if# encapsulation ppp
    • Config-if# ppp authentication chap pap
      -order in which they will be used
      -only attempted with the authentification listed
      -if one fails, then connection is terminated
    • Config-if# exit
    • Config# username Lab-b password 123456
      -username is the router that will be connecting to this one
      -only specified routers can connect

    -or-

    • Config-if# ppp chap hostname ROUTER
    • Config-if# ppp chap password 123456
      -if this is set on all routers, then any of them can connect to any other
      -set same on all for easy configuration

    ISDN SETUP:

    • Config# isdn switch-type basic-5ess – determined by telecom
    • Config# interface serial 0
    • Config-if# isdn spid1 2705554564 – isdn “phonenumber” of line 1
    • Config-if# isdn spid2 2705554565 – isdn “phonenumber” of line 2
    • Config-if# encapsulation PPP – or HDLC, LAPD

    DDR – 4 Steps to setting up ISDN with DDR Configure switch type

    1. Config# isdn switch-type basic-5ess – can be done at interface config

    2. Configure static routes
    Config# ip route 123.4.35.0 255.255.255.0 192.3.5.5 – sends traffic destined for 123.4.35.0 to 192.3.5.5
    Config# ip route 192.3.5.5 255.255.255.255 bri0 – specifies how to get to network 192.3.5.5 (through bri0)

    3. Configure Interface
    Config-if# ip address 192.3.5.5 255.255.255.0
    Config-if# no shutdown
    Config-if# encapsulation ppp
    Config-if# dialer-group 1 – applies dialer-list to this interface
    Config-if# dialer map ip 192.3.5.6 name Lab-b 5551212
    connect to lab-b at 5551212 with ip 192.3.5.6 if there is interesting traffic
    can also use “dialer string 5551212” instead if there is only one router to connect to

    4. Specify interesting traffic
    Config# dialer-list 1 ip permit any
    -or-
    Config# dialer-list 1 ip list 101 – use the access-list 101 as the dialer list

    5. Other Options
    Config-if# hold-queue 75 – queue 75 packets before dialing
    Config-if# dialer load-threshold 125 either
    -load needed before second line is brought up
    -“125” is any number 1-255, where % load is x/255 (ie 125/255 is about 50%)
    -can check by in, out, or either

    Config-if# dialer idle-timeout 180
    -determines how long to stay idle before terminating the session
    -default is 120

    FRAME RELAY SETUP:

    • Config# interface serial 0
    • Config-if# encapsulation frame-relay – cisco by default, can change to ietf
    • Config-if# frame-relay lmi-type cisco – cisco by default, also ansi, q933a
    • Config-if# bandwidth 56
    • Config-if# interface serial 0.100 point-to-point – subinterface
    • Config-if# ip address 122.1.1.1 255.255.255.0
    • Config-if# frame-relay interface-dlci 100
      -maps the dlci to the interface
      -can add BROADCAST and/or IETF at the end
    • Config-if# interface serial 1.100 multipoint
    • Config-if# no inverse-arp – turns IARP off; good to do
    • Config-if# frame-relay map ip 122.1.1.2 48 ietf broadcast
      -maps an IP to a dlci (48 in this case)
      -required if IARP is turned off
      -ietf and broadcast are optional
    • Config-if# frame-relay map ip 122.1.1.3 54 broadcast

    SHOW COMMANDS

    • Show access-lists – all access lists on the router
    • Show cdp – cdp timer and holdtime frequency
    • Show cdp entry * – same as next
    • Show cdp neighbors detail – details of neighbor with ip add and ios version
    • Show cdp neighbors – id, local interface, holdtime, capability, platform portid
    • Show cdp interface – int’s running cdp and their encapsulation
    • Show cdp traffic – cdp packets sent and received
    • Show controllers serial 0 – DTE or DCE status
    • Show dialer – number of times dialer string has been reached, other stats
    • Show flash – files in flash
    • Show frame-relay lmi – lmi stats
    • Show frame-relay map – static and dynamic maps for PVC’s
    • Show frame-relay pvc – pvc’s and dlci’s
    • Show history – commands entered
    • Show hosts – contents of host table
    • Show int f0/26 – stats of f0/26
    • Show interface Ethernet 0 – show stats of Ethernet 0
    • Show ip – ip config of switch
    • Show ip access-lists – ip access-lists on switch
    • Show ip interface – ip config of interface
    • Show ip protocols – routing protocols and timers
    • Show ip route – Displays IP routing table
    • Show ipx access-lists – same, only ipx
    • Show ipx interfaces – RIP and SAP info being sent and received, IPX addresses
    • Show ipx route – ipx routes in the table
    • Show ipx servers – SAP table
    • Show ipx traffic – RIP and SAP info
    • Show isdn active – number with active status
    • Show isdn status – shows if SPIDs are valid, if connected
    • Show mac-address-table – contents of the dynamic table
    • Show protocols – routed protocols and net_addresses of interfaces
    • Show running-config – dram config file
    • Show sessions – connections via telnet to remote device
    • Show startup-config – nvram config file
    • Show terminal – shows history size
    • Show trunk a/b – trunk stat of port 26/27
    • Show version – ios info, uptime, address of switch
    • Show vlan – all configured vlan’s
    • Show vlan-membership – vlan assignments
    • Show vtp – vtp configs

    CATALYST COMMANDS
    For Native IOS – Not CatOS

    SWITCH ADDRESS:

    • Config# ip address 192.168.10.2 255.255.255.0
    • Config# ip default-gateway 192.168.10.1DUPLEX MODE:
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0/5 – “fastethernet” for 100 Mbps ports
    • Config-if# duplex full – also, half | auto | full-flow-control

    SWITCHING MODE:

    • Config# switching-mode store-and-forward – also, fragment-free

    MAC ADDRESS CONFIGS:

    • Config# mac-address-table permanent aaab.000f.ffef e0/2 – only this mac will work on this port
    • Config# mac-address-table restricted static aaab.000f.ffef e0/2 e0/3
      -port 3 can only send data out port 2 with that mac
      -very restrictive security
    • Config-if# port secure max-mac-count 5 – allows only 5 mac addresses mapped to this port

    VLANS:

    • Config# vlan 10 name FINANCE
    • Config# interface Ethernet 0/3
    • Config-if# vlan-membership static 10TRUNK LINKS:
    • Config-if# trunk on – also, off | auto | desirable | nonegotiate
    • Config-if# no trunk-vlan 2
      -removes vlan 2 from the trunk port
      -by default, all vlans are set on a trunk port

       

      CONFIGURING VTP:

    • Config# delete vtp – should be done prior to adding to a network
    • Config# vtp server – the default is server, also client and transparent
    • Config# vtp domain Camp – name doesn’t matter, just so all switches use the same
    • Config# vtp password 1234 – limited security
    • Config# vtp pruning enable – limits vtp broadcasts to only switches affected
    • Config# vtp pruning disableFLASH UPGRADE:
    • Config# copy tftp://192.168.5.5/configname.ios opcode – “opcode” for ios upgrade, “nvram” for startup config

    DELETE STARTUP CONFIG:

    • Config# delete nvram

    BGP:

    • show ip bgp – Displays entries in the BGP routing table.
    • show ip bgp injected-paths – Displays paths in the BGP routing table that were conditionally injected.
    • show ip bgp neighbors – Displays information about the TCP and BGP connections to neighbors.

    BGP Conditional Route Injection:

    Step 1 Router(config)# router bgp as-number
    -  Places the router in router configuration mode, and configures the router to run a BGP process.

    Step 2 Router(config-router)# bgp inject-map ORIGINATE exist-map LEARNED_PATH
    -  Configures the inject-map named ORIGINATE and the exist-map named LEARNED_PATH for conditional route injection.

    Step 3 Router(config-router)# exit
    -Exits router configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

    Step 4 Router(config)# route-map LEARNED_PATH permit sequence-number
    – Configures the route map named LEARNED_PATH.

    Step 5 Router(config-route-map)# match ip address prefix-list ROUTE
    – Specifies the aggregate route to which a more specific route will be injected.

    Step 6 Router(config-route-map# match ip route-source prefix-list ROUTE_SOURCE
    – Configures the prefix list named ROUTE_SOURCE to redistribute the source of the route.
    Note The route source is the neighbor address that is configured with the neighbor remote-as command. The tracked prefix must come from this neighbor in order for conditional route injection to occur.

    Step 7 Router(config-route-map)# exit
    – Exits route-map configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

    Step 8     Router(config)# route-map ORIGINATE permit 10
    – Configures the route map named ORIGINATE.

    Step 9 Router(config-route-map)# set ip address prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES
    – Specifies the routes to be injected.

    Step 10 Router(config-route-map)# set community community-attribute additive
    – Configures the community attribute of the injected routes.

    Step 11 Router(config-route-map)# exit
    – Exits route-map configuration mode, and enters global configuration mode.

    Step 12     Router(config)# ip prefix-list ROUTE permit 10.1.1.0/24
    – Configures the prefix list named ROUTE to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/24.

    Step 13 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES permit 10.1.1.0/25
    – Configures the prefix list named ORIGINATED_ROUTES to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/25.

    Step 14 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ORIGINATED_ROUTES permit 10.1.1.128/25
    – Configures the prefix list named ORIGINATED_ROUTES to permit routes from network 10.1.1.0/25.

    Step 15 Router(config)# ip prefix-list ROUTE_SOURCE permit 10.2.1.1/32
    – Configures the prefix list named ROUTE_SOURCE to permit routes from network 10.2.1.1/32.
    Note The route source prefix list must be configured with a /32 mask in order for conditional route injection to occur.

    DHCP

    Step 1 (config)# interface ethernet0/0
    (config-if)#ip address 1.1.1.1 255.0.0.0
    (config-if)# no shutdown
    – Configure an IP address on the router’s Ethernet port, and bring up the interface. (On an existing router, you would have already done this.)

    Step 2 (config)# ip dhcp pool mypool
    – Create a DHCP IP address pool for the IP addresses you want to use.

    Step 3 (dhcp-config)# network 1.1.1.0 /8
    – Specify the network and subnet for the addresses you want to use from the pool.

    Step 4 (dhcp-config)#domain-name mydomain.com
    – Specify the DNS domain name for the clients.

    Step 5 (dhcp-config)#dns-server 1.1.1.10 1.1.1.11
    – Specify the primary and secondary DNS servers.

    Step 6 (dhcp-config)#default-router 1.1.1.1
    – Specify the default router (i.e., default gateway).

    Step 7 (dhcp-config)#lease 7
    – Specify the lease duration for the addresses you’re using from the pool.

    Step 8 (dhcp-config)#exit
    – Exit Pool Configuration Mode.

    This takes you back to the global configuration prompt.

    Next, exclude any addresses in the pool range that you don’t want to hand out.

    For example, let’s say that you’ve decided that all IP addresses up to .100 will be for static IP devices such as servers and printers. All IP addresses above .100 will be available in the pool for DHCP clients.

    Here’s an example of how to exclude IP addresses .100 and below:

    Optional (config)#ip dhcp excluded-address 1.1.1.0 1.1.1.100

    The full DHCP reference can be found on the CISCO site.

    Common Commands and Troubleshooting

    • Set a password on the console line:
      • configure terminal
      • line console 0
      • password ‘cisco’
      • login
    • Passwords are case sensitive.
    • You must configure a password on the VTY lines, without one no one will be able to telnet to the switch/router.
    • The default mode when logging into a switch/router via telnet or SSH is user exec mode, which is indicated by the ‘>’ prompt.
    • To configure the switch/router you need to use the privileged EXEC mode. To do this you enter the enable command in user EXEC mode. The prompt is indicated with ‘#’.
    • If both enable secret and enable password are set, the enable secret will be used.
    • The enable secret is encrypted (by default) where as the enable password is in clear text.
    • In a config containing an enable secret 5 ‘hash’ the 5 refers to the level of encryption being used.
    • If no enable password/secret has been set when someone telnets to the device, they will get a ‘%No password set’ message. Someone with physical access must set the password.
    • To place all telnet users directly into enable mode:
      • configure terminal
      • line vty 0 4
      • privilege level 15
    • To put a specific user directly into privileged EXEC mode (enable mode)
      • username superman privilege 15 password louise
    • Telnet sends all data including passwords in clear text which can be intercepted.
    • SSH encrypts all data preventing an attacker from intercepting it.
    • Setting up a local user/password login database for use with telnet:
      • configure terminal
      • line vty 0 4
      • login local
      • exit
      • username telnetuser1 password secretpass
    • To set up SSH you need to create the local user database, the domain name must be specified with the ip domain-name command and a crypto key must be created with the crypto key generate rsa command. To enable SSH on the VTY lines, use the command transport input ssh.
    • If you connect two Cisco switches together and the lights don’t go amber then green, but instead stays off. A straight through cable has been used instead of a crossover cable.
    • The term ‘a switches management interface’ normally refers to VLAN1.
    • Assign a default gateway using the ip default-gateway ipaddress command.
    • You can use the command interface range fasterthernet 0/1 – 12 to select a range of interfaces to configure at once.
    • MOTD banner appears before login prompt.
    • The login banner appears before the login prompt but after the MOTD banner.
    • The banner exec appears after a successful logon.
    • line con 0 – configuring the logging synchronous on the console port stops the router from displaying messages (like an interface state change) until it detects no input from the keyboard and not other output from the router, such as a show commands output.
    • exec-timeout x y (x=minutes, y=seconds) – the default is 5 minutes. Can be disabled by setting x=0 y=0
    • Shortcut commands
      • Up Arrow – will show you the last command you entered. Control+P does the same thing.
      • Down Arrow – will bring you one command up in the command history. Control+N does the same thing.
      • CTRL+A takes the cursor to the start of the current command.
      • CTRL+E takes the cursor to the end of the current command.
      • Left arrow or CTRL+B moves backwards (towards the start) of the command one character at a time.
      • Right arrow or CTRL+P moves forwards (towards the end) of the command one character at a time.
      • CTRL+D deletes one character (the same as backspace).
      • ESC+B moves back one word in the current command.
      • ESC+F moves forward one word in the current command.
    • show history command will show the last 10 commands run by default.
    • the history size can be increased individually on the console port and on the VTY lines with the history size x command.
    • Config modes
      • config t R1<config> is the global configuration mode.
      • line vty 0 4 R1<config-line> is the line config mode.
      • interface fastethernet 0/1 R1<config-if> interface config mode.
    Troubleshooting
    • Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP) runs by default on Cisco routers and switches. It runs globally and on a per-interface level.
    • CDP discovers basic information about neighboring switches and routers.
    • On media that supports multicasts at the data link layer, CDP uses multicast frames. on other media, CDP sends a copy of the CDP update to any known data-link addresses.
    • The show cdp command shows CDP settings.
    • CDP can be disabled globally using the command no cdp run and re-enable using cdp run.
    • CDP can be disabled at an interface level using the no cdp enable command at the sub-interface level.
    • The command show cdp neighbor – lists one summary line of information about each neighbor. Including:
      • Device ID – the remote devices hostname.
      • Local Interface – the local switch/router interface connected to the remote host.
      • Holdtime – is the number of seconds the local device will retain the contents of the last CDP advertisement received from the remote host.
      • Capability – shows you the type of device the remote host is.
      • Platform – is the remote devices hardware platform.
      • Port ID – is the remote interface on the direct connection.
    • The command show cdp neighbor detail – lists one large set (approx 15 lines) of information, one set for every neighbor. Including:
      • The IOS version.
      • VTP management domain.
      • Management addresses.
    • show cdp entry name – lists the same information as the show cdp neighbors detail command, but only for the named neighbor (case sensitive).
    • show cdp – states whether CDP is enabled globally, and lists the default update and holdtime timers.
    • show cdp traffic – lists global statistics for the number of CDP advertisements sent and received.
    • show cdp interface type number – states whether CDP is enabled on each interface or a single interface if the interface is listed, and states the update and holdtime timers on those interfaces.
    • CDP should be disabled on interfaces it is not needed to limit risk of an attacker learning details about each switch or router. Use the no cdp enable interface subcommand to disable CDP and the cdp enable interface subcommand to re-enable it.
    • The command show cdp interface shows the CDP settings for every interface.
    • Interface status messages:
      • Interface status is down/down – this indicates a physical problem, most likely a loose or unplugged cable.
      • Line protocol is down, up/down – this indicates a problem at the logical level, most likely an encapsulation mismatch or a missing clock rate.
      • Administratively down – this indicates the interface has been shutdown and needs to be manually opened with the sub interface command no shutdown.
    • The command show mac-address-table shows the mac address table. show mac-address-table dynamic sows the dynamically learned entries only.
    • Most problems on a switch are caused by human error – misconfiguration.
    • The command show debugging shows all the currently running debugs.
    • undebug all – will turn all debugging off.
    • The command show vlan brief shows a switches VLAN configuration.
    • If pinging 127.0.0.1 fails on a pc, there is a problem with the local PC, most likely a bad install of TCP/IP.
    • On a pc the command netstat -rn shows the pc’s routing table.
    • Additional Telnet commands:
      • show sessions shows information about each telnet session, the where command does the same thing.
      • resume x, x being the session number is used to resume a telnet session.
      • To suspend a session use the command CTRL+ALT+6.
      • To disconnect an open session use the command disconnect x, x being the session number.
    • Ping result codes:
      • !!!!! – IP connectivity to the destination is ok.
      • ….. – IP connectivity to the destination does not exist.
      • U.U.U – the local router has a route to the destination, but a downstream router does not.
    • debug ip packet – can help troubleshooting the above ping results.
    • When using traceroute or extended ping the Escape Sequence is: CTRL+SHIFT+6.
    • Extended ping can only be run from enable mode.
    • If a routing table contains multiple routes to the same destination with multiple next hops and the prefixes are different, the most specific (longest) prefix route will be used. If all of the prefix lengths are the same the Administrative Distance will be used. [AD/Metric].
    • Administrative Distance is a measure of a routes believability, with a lower AD being more believable than a route with a higher AD. AD only comes into play if the prefix lengths are the same.
    • You can set the Administrative Distance on a static route with the command ip route 55.55.55.0 255.255.255.0 192.168.1.2 150, you would do this to set a backup route if a dynamic route fails/is not available in the routing table.

    Cisco NX-OS/IOS BGP (Advanced) Comparison

    These may also assist: Undocumented Cisco Commands

    Breaking VISA PIN

    Posted by :Derek On : July 2, 2008
    3

    Category: Banking & EFTPoS, Security

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    Below is an article I found recently. This one of the most comprehensive descriptions of PIN Verification Value (PVV) hacking.

    I thought I would replicate it here for my local reference.

    As comments have been made regarding the grammar used in the original text, I have corrected some of the obvious errors whilst maintaining the context of the original material.

    http://69.46.26.132/~biggold1/fastget2you/tutorial.php

    ——– Original Text ———-

    Foreword
    Have you ever wonder what would happen if you lose your credit or debit card and someone finds it. Would this person be able to withdraw cash from an ATM guessing, somehow, your PIN? Moreover, if you were who finds someone’s card would you try to guess the PIN and take the chance to get some easy money? Of course the answer to both questions should be “no”. This work does not deal with the second question, it is a matter of personal ethics. Herewith I try to answer the first question.

    All the information used for this work is public and can be freely found in Internet. The rest is a matter of mathematics and programming, thus we can learn something and have some fun. I reveal no secrets. Furthermore, the aim (and final conclusion) of this work is to demonstrate that PIN algorithms are still strong enough to provide sufficient security. We all know technology is not the weak point.

    This work analyses one of the most common PIN algorithms, VISA PVV, used by many ATM cards (credit and debit cards) and tries to find out how resistant is to PIN guessing attacks. By “guessing” I do not mean choosing a random PIN and trying it in an ATM. It is well known that generally we are given three consecutive trials to enter the right PIN, if we fail ATM keeps the card. As VISA PIN is four digit long it’s easy to deduce that the chance for a random PIN guessing is 3/10000 = 0.0003, it seems low enough to be safe; it means you need to lose your card more than three thousand times (or losing more than three thousand cards at the same time 🙂 until there is a reasonable chance of losing money.

    What I really meant by “guessing” was breaking the PIN algorithm so that given any card you can immediately know the associated PIN. Therefore this document studies that possibility, analyzing the algorithm and proposing a method for the attack. Finally we give a tool which implements the attack and present results about the estimated chance to break the system. Note that as long as other banking security related algorithms (other PIN formats such as IBM PIN or card validation signatures such as CVV or CVC) are similar to VISA PIN, the same analysis can be done yielding nearly the same results and conclusions.


    VISA PVV algorithm


    One of the most common PIN algorithms is the VISA PIN Verification Value (PVV). The customer is given a PIN and a magnetic stripe card. Encoded in the magnetic stripe is a four digit number, called PVV. This number is a cryptographic signature of the PIN and other data related to the card. When a user enters his/her PIN the ATM reads the magnetic stripe, encrypts and sends all this information to a central computer. There a trial PVV is computed using the customer entered PIN and the card information with a cryptographic algorithm. The trial PVV is compared with the PVV stored in the card, if they match the central computer returns to the ATM authorization for the transaction. See in more detail.

    The description of the PVV algorithm can be found in two documents linked in the previous page. In summary it consists in the encryption of a 8 byte (64 bit) string of data, called Transformed Security Parameter (TSP), with DES algorithm (DEA) in Electronic Code Book mode (ECB) using a secret 64 bit key. The PVV is derived from the output of the encryption process, which is a 8 byte string. The four digits of the PVV (from left to right) correspond to the first four decimal digits (from left to right) of the output from DES when considered as a 16 hexadecimal character (16 x 4 bit = 64 bit) string. If there are no four decimal digits among the 16 hexadecimal characters then the PVV is completed taken (from left to right) non decimal characters and decimalizing them by using the conversion A->0, B->1, C->2, D->3, E->4, F->5. Here is an example:

    Output from DES: 0FAB9CDEFFE7DCBA

    PVV: 0975

    The strategy of avoiding decimalization by skipping characters until four decimal digits are found (which happens to be nearly all the times as we will see below) is very clever because it avoids an important bias in the distribution of digits which has been proven to be fatal for other systems, although the impact on this system would be much lower. See also a related problem not applying to VISA PVV.

    The TSP, seen as a 16 hexadecimal character (64 bit) string, is formed (from left to right) with the 11 rightmost digits of the PAN (card number) excluding the last digit (check digit), one digit from 1 to 6 which selects the secret encrypting key and finally the four digits of the PIN. Here is an example:

    PAN: 1234 5678 9012 3445
    Key selector: 1
    PIN: 2468

    TSP: 5678901234412468

    Obviously the problem of breaking VISA PIN consists in finding the secret encrypting key for DES. The method for that is to do a brute force search of the key space. Note that this is not the only method, one could try to find a weakness in DEA, many tried, but this old standard is still in wide use (now been replaced by AES and RSA, though). This demonstrates it is robust enough so that brute force is the only viable method (there are some better attacks but not practical in our case, for a summary see LASEC memo and for the dirty details see Biham & Shamir 1990, Biham & Shamir 1991, Matsui 1993, Biham & Biryukov 1994 and Heys 2001).

    The key selector digit was very likely introduced to cover the possibility of a key compromise. In that case they just have to issue new cards using another key selector. Older cards can be substituted with new ones or simply the ATM can transparently write a new PVV (corresponding to the new key and keeping the same PIN) next time the customer uses his/her card. For the shake of security all users should be asked to change their PINs, however it would be embarrassing for the bank to explain the reason, so very likely they would not make such request.

    Preparing the attack


    A brute force attack consists in encrypting a TSP with known PVV using all possible encrypting keys and compare each obtained PVV with the known PVV. When a match is found we have a candidate key. But how many keys we have to try? As we said above the key is 64 bit long, this would mean we have to try 2^64 keys. However this is not true. Actually only 56 bits are effective in DES keys because one bit (the least significant) out of each octet was historically reserved as a checksum for the others; in practice those 8 bits (one for each of the 8 octets) are ignored.

    Therefore the DES key space consists of 2^56 keys. If we try all these keys will we find one and only one match, corresponding to the bank secret key? Certainly not. We will obtain many matching keys. This is because the PVV is only a small part (one fourth) of the DES output. Furthermore the PVV is degenerated because some of the digits (those between 0 and 5 after the last, seen from left to right, digit between 6 and 9) may come from a decimal digit or from a decimalized hexadecimal digit of the DES output. Thus many keys will produce a DES output which yields to the same matching PVV.

    Then what can we do to find the real key among those other false positive keys? Simply we have to encrypt a second different TSP, also with known PVV, but using only the candidate keys which gave a positive matching with the first TSP-PVV pair. However there is no guarantee we won’t get again many false positives along with the true key. If so, we will need a third TSP-PVV pair, repeat the process and so on.

    Before we start our attack we have to know how many TSP-PVV pairs we will need. For that we have to calculate the probability for a random DES output to yield a matching PVV just by chance. There are several ways to calculate this number and here I will use a simple approach easy to understand but which requires some background in mathematics of probability.

    A probability can always be seen as the ratio of favorable cases to possible cases. In our problem the number of possible cases is given by the permutation of 16 elements (the 0 to F hexadecimal digits) in a group of 16 of them (the 16 hexadecimal digits of the DES output). This is given by 16^16 ~ 1.8 * 10^19 which of course coincides with 2^64 (different numbers of 64 bits). This set of numbers can be separated into five categories:

    Those with at least four decimal digits (0 to 9) among the 16 hexadecimal digits (0 to F) of the DES output.

    Those with exactly only three decimal digits.

    Those with exactly only two decimal digits.

    Those with exactly only one decimal digit.

    Those with no decimal digits (all between A and F).

    Let’s calculate how many numbers fall in each category. If we label the 16 hexadecimal digits of the DES output as X1 to X16 then we can label the first four decimal digits of any given number of the first category as Xi, Xj, Xk and Xl. The number of different combinations with this profile is given by the product 6 i-1 * 10 * 6j-i-1 * 10 * 6k-j-1 * 10 * 6 l-k-1 * 10 * 1616-l where the 6’s come from the number of possibilities for an A to F digit, the 10’s come from the possibilities for a 0 to 9 digit, and the 16 comes from the possibilities for a 0 to F digit. Now the total numbers in the first category is simply given by the summation of this product over i, j, k, l from 1 to 16 but with i < j < k < l. If you do some math work you will see this equals to the product of 104/6 with the summation over i from 4 to 16 of (i-1) * (i-2) * (i-3) * 6i-4 * 16 16-i ~ 1.8 * 1019.

    Analogously the number of cases in the second category is given by the summation over i, j, k from 1 to 16 with i < j < k of the product 6i-1 * 10 * 6j-i-1 * 10 * 6k-j-1 * 10 * 616-k which you can work it out to be 16!/(3! * (16-13)!) * 103 * 6 13 = 16 * 15 * 14/(3 * 2) * 103 * 613 = 56 * 104 * 613 ~ 7.3 * 1015. Similarly for the third category we have the summation over i, j from 1 to 16 with i < j of 6 i-1 * 10 * 6j-i-1 * 10 * 616-j which equals to 16!/(2! * (16-14)!) * 102 * 614 = 2 * 103 * 615 ~ 9.4 * 1014. Again, for the fourth category we have the summation over i from 1 to 16 of 6i-1 * 10 * 616-i = 160 * 615 ~ 7.5 * 1013. And finally the amount of cases in the fifth category is given by the permutation of six elements (A to F digits) in a group of 16, that is, 616 ~ 2.8 * 1012.

    I hope you followed the calculations up to this point, the hard part is done. Now as a proof that everything is right you can sum the number of cases in the 5 categories and see it equals the total number of possible cases we calculated before. Do the operations using 64 bit numbers or rounding (for floats) or overflow (for integers) errors won’t let you get the exact result.

    Up to now we have calculated the number of possible cases in each of the five categories, but we are interested in obtaining the number of favorable cases instead. It is very easy to derive the latter from the former as this is just fixing the combination of the four decimal digits (or the required hexadecimal digits if there are no four decimal digits) of the PVV instead of letting them free. In practice this means turning the 10’s in the formula above into 1’s and the required amount of 6’s into 1’s if there are no four decimal digits. That is, we have to divide the first result by 104, the second one by 103 * 6, the third one by 102 * 62 , the fourth one by 10 * 63 and the fifth one by 64 . Then the number of favorable cases in the five categories are approximately 1.8 * 1015, 1.2 * 1012, 2.6 * 1011 , 3.5 * 1010, 2.2 * 109 respectively.

    Now we are able to obtain what is the probability for a DES output to match a PVV by chance. We just have to add the five numbers of favorable cases and divide it by the total number of possible cases. Doing this we obtain that the probability is very approximately 0.0001 or one out of ten thousand. Is it strange this well rounded result? Not at all, just have a look at the numbers we calculated above. The first category dominates by several orders of magnitude the number of favorable and possible cases. This is rather intuitive as it seems clear that it is very unlikely not having four decimal digits (10 chances out of 16 per digit) among 16 hexadecimal digits. We saw previously that the relationship between the number of possible and favorable cases in the first category was a division by 10^4, that’s where our result p = 0.0001 comes from.

    Our aim for all these calculations was to find out how many TSP-PVV pairs we need to carry a successful brute force attack. Now we are able to calculate the expected number of false positives in a first search: it will be the number of trials times the probability for a single random false positive, i.e. t * p where t = 2^56, the size of the key space. This amounts to approximately 7.2 * 10^12, a rather big number. The expected number of false positives in the second search (restricted to the positive keys found in the first search) will be (t * p) * p, for a third search will be ((t * p) * p) * p and so on. Thus for n searches the expected number of false positives will be t * p^n.

    We can obtain the number of searches required to expect just one false positive by expressing the equation t * p^n = 1 and solving for n. So n equals to the logarithm in base p of 1/t, which by properties of logarithms it yields n = log(1/t)/log(p) ~ 4.2. Since we cannot do a fractional search it is convenient to round up this number. Therefore what is the expected number of false positives if we perform five searches? It is t * p^5 ~ 0.0007 or approximately 1 out of 1400. Thus using five TSP-PVV pairs is safe to obtain the true secret key with no false positives.

    The attack


    Once we know we need five TSP-PVV pairs, how do we get them? Of course we need at least one card with known PIN, and due to the nature of the PVV algorithm, that’s the only thing we need. With other PIN systems, such as IBM, we would need five cards, however this is not necessary with VISA PVV algorithm. We just have to read the magnetic stripe and then change the PIN four times but reading the card after each change.

    It is necessary to read the magnetic stripe of the card to get the PVV and the encrypting key selector. You can buy a commercial magnetic stripe reader or make one yourself following the instructions you can find in the previous page and links therein. Once you have a reader see this description of standard magnetic tracks to find out how to get the PVV from the data read. In that document the PVV field in tracks 1 and 2 is said to be five character long, but actually the true PVV consists of the last four digits. The first of the five digits is the key selector. I have only seen cards with a value of 1 in this digit, which is consistent with the standard and with the secret key never being compromised (and therefore they did not need to move to another key changing the selector).

    I did a simple C program, getpvvkey.c, to perform the attack. It consists of a loop to try all possible keys to encrypt the first TSP, if the derived PVV matches the true PVV a new TSP is tried, and so on until there is a mismatch, in which case the key is discarded and a new one is tried, or the five derived PVVs match the corresponding true PVVs, in which case we can assume we got the bank secret key, however the loop goes on until it exhausts the key space. This is done to assure we find the true key because there is a chance (although very low) the first key found is a false positive.

    It is expected the program would take a very long time to finish and to minimize the risks of a power cut, computer hang out, etc. it does checkpoints into the file getpvvkey.dat from time to time (the exact time depends on the speed of the computer, it’s around one hour for the fastest computers now in use). For the same reason if a positive key is found it is written on the file getpvvkey.key. The program only displays one message at the beginning, the starting position taken from the checkpoint file if any, after that nothing more is displayed.

    The DES algorithm is a key point in the program, it is therefore very important to optimize its speed. I tested several implementations: libdes, SSLeay, openssl, cryptlib, nss, libgcrypt, catacomb, libtomcrypt, cryptopp, ufc-crypt. The DES functions of the first four are based on the same code by Eric Young and is the one which performed best (includes optimized C and x86 assembler code). Thus I chose libdes which was the original implementation and condensed all relevant code in the files encrypt.c (C version) and x86encrypt.s (x86 assembler version). The code is slightly modified to achieve some enhancements in a brute force attack: the initial permutation is a fixed common steep in each TSP encryption and therefore can be made just one time at the beginning. Another improvement is that I wrote a completely new setkey function (I called it nextkey) which is optimum for a brute force loop.

    To get the program working you just have to type in the corresponding place five TSPs and their PVVs and then compile it. I have tested it only in UNIX platforms, using the makefile Makegetpvvkey to compile (use the command “make -f Makegetpvvkey”). It may compile on other systems but you may need to fix some things. Be sure that the definition of the type long64 corresponds to a 64 bit integer. In principle there is no dependence on the endianness of the processor. I have successfully compiled and run it on Pentium-Linux, Alpha-Tru64, Mips-Irix and Sparc-Solaris. If you do not have and do not want to install Linux (you don’t know what you are missing 😉 you still have the choice to run Linux on CD and use my program, see my page running Linux without installing it.

    Once you have found the secret bank key if you want to find the PIN of an arbitrary card you just have to write a similar program (sorry I have not written it, I’m too lazy 🙂 that would try all 10^4 PINs by generating the corresponding TSP, encrypting it with the (no longer) secret key, deriving the PVV and comparing it with the PVV in the magnetic stripe of the card. You will get one match for the true PIN. Only one match? Remember what we saw above, we have a chance of 0.0001 that a random encryption matches the PVV. We are trying 10000 PINs (and therefore TSPs) thus we expect 10000 * 0.0001 = 1 false positive on average.

    This is a very interesting result, it means that, on average, each card has two valid PINs: the customer PIN and the expected false positive. I call it “false” but note that as long as it generates the true PVV it is a PIN as valid as the customer’s one. Furthermore, there is no way to know which is which, even for the ATM; only customer knows. Even if the false positive were not valid as PIN, you still have three trials at the ATM anyway, enough on average. Therefore the probability we calculated at the beginning of this document about random guessing of the PIN has to be corrected. Actually it is twice that value, i.e., it is 0.0006 or one out of more than 1600, still safely low.

    Results


    It is important to optimize the compilation of the program and to run it in the fastest possible processor due to the long expected run time. I found that the compiler optimization flag -O gets the better performance, thought some improvement is achieved adding the -fomit-frame-pointer flag on Pentium-Linux, the -spike flag on Alpha-Tru64, the -IPA flag on Mips-Irix and the -fast flag on Sparc-Solaris. Special flags (-DDES_PTR -DDES_RISC1 -DDES_RISC2 -DDES_UNROLL -DASM) for the DES code have generally benefits as well. All these flags have already been tested and I chose the best combination for each processor (see makefile) but you can try to fine tune other flags.

    According to my tests the best performance is achieved with the AMD Athlon 1600 MHz processor, exceeding 3.4 million keys per second. Interestingly it gets better results than Intel Pentium IV 1800 MHz and 2000 MHz (see figures below, click on them to enlarge). I believe this is due to some I/O saturation, surely cache or memory access, that the AMD processor (which has half the cache of the Pentium) or the motherboard in which it is running, manages to avoid. In the first figure below you can see that the DES breaking speed of all processors has more or less a linear relationship with the processor speed, except for the two Intel Pentium I mentioned before. This is logical, it means that for a double processor speed you’ll get double breaking speed, but watch out for saturation effects, in this case it is better the AMD Athlon 1600 MHz, which will be even cheaper than the Intel Pentium 1800 MHz or 2000 MHz.

    In the second figure we can see in more detail what we would call intrinsic DES break power of the processor. I get this value simply dividing the break speed by the processor speed, that is, we get the number of DES keys tried per second and per MHz. This is a measure of the performance of the processor type independently of its speed. The results show that the best processor for this task is the AMD Athlon, then comes the Alpha and very close after it is the Intel Pentium (except for the higher speed ones which perform very poor due to the saturation effect). Next is the Mips processor and in the last place is the Sparc. Some Alpha and Mips processors are located at bottom of scale because they are early releases not including enhancements of late versions. Note that I included the performance of x86 processors for C and assembler code as there is a big difference. It seems that gcc is not a good generator of optimized machine code, but of course we don’t know whether a manual optimization of assembler code for the other processors (Alpha, Mips, Sparc) would boost their results compared to the native C compilers (I did not use gcc for these other platforms) as it happens with the x86 processor.

    Update

    Here is an article where these techniques may have been used.

    http://redtape.msnbc.com/2008/08/could-a-hacker.html

    Lethal Toxins Entering Your Body

    Posted by :Derek On : May 4, 2008
    0

    Category: Environment & People, Food & Wine

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    I recently read an article in a magazine and was shocked to see some of the toxic dangers which modern living introduce. Australian Men’s Health April 2008, by Susan Casey, pg 87.

    I thought I would expand on this article here as a method of analysing some of the things Kerry and I need to be careful of. I hope this also assists others in understanding some of these dangers.

    “Except for the small amount that’s been incinerated every bit of plastic ever manufactured still exists”

    Toxic

    Articles

    Polycarbonate

    Bottles (marked with a #7 in a triangle)

    Cling wrap and plastic takeaway containers (marked with a #7)

    Dangerous

    Ingredients

    Bisphenol A (BPA), a synthetic oestrogen, which can leach into the bottle’s contents when heated.span>

    Phthalates, a probable human carcinogen and endocrine disruptor, can seep into food (especially fatty foods, such as delis meats and cheeses).

    Linked to

    Prostate cancer, reduced sperm count and reproductive-organ abnormalities, according to US studies at the universities of Missouri, Chicago and Cincinnati.

    Reproductive problems like undescended testes and low sperm count, reveal researchers at New York’s University of Rochester and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention in the US.

    How to reduce your exposure

    Pots, pans and bottles made from stainless steel are a non-toxic alternative. If you’re using polycarbonate, keep it out of the dishwasher and replace it every 60 days or if it’s scratched. Plastic releases toxins over tie when damaged or exposed to high heat.

    Keep it out of microwave and dishwasher. Don’t store fatty or acidic foods in these containers, rather use waxed paper and buy meat wrapped in paper from the butcher. If you use plastic-wrapped cuts, trim the edges off where the product touched the wrapping.

     

    Toxic

    Articles

    Polystyrene cups and takeaway containers (marked with a #6)

    Fast-food containers (with waxy lining) and non-stick (Teflon) pans.

    Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), used in vinyl flooring, shower curtains and car interiors.

    Dangerous

    Ingredients

    Styrene, a possible human carcinogen, can leah into the contents of the cup.

    Perfluoro-octanoic acid (PFOA), a grease-repelling flourotelomer chemical and likely human carcinogen, can transfer from the waxy-plastic coating onto the food inside, especially at high temperatures.

    Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen that gives off gas into the surrounding air, so it’s inhaled instead of ingested.span>

    Linked to

    Cancer, warn scientists at the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Research and Development and the World Health Organisations International Agency for Research on Cancer.

    Cancer, lung and kidney damage, according to studies at the EPA and Environmental Working Group in the US.

    Cancer and liver damage, predicts both the EA and the Centre for Health and Environmental Justice in the US.

    How to reduce your exposure

    Never drink hot liquids out of polystyrene ups. Use paper ones (those without a wax lining) whenever possible or a ceramic coffee mug. If your takeaway comes in polystyrene, transfer it to ceramic dish or glass as soon as possible.

    The best alternatives to drive-through and delivery are sit-down restaurants and home cooking. At home, never use Teflon-coated pans. If you own any, replace with non-toxic cookware made from copper, cast iron or stainless steel.

    Use natural materials for home flooring. Buy a shower curtain made from hemp, which lasts longer and is naturally mildew-resistant. New vinyl gives off aerial toxins at highly concentrated levels, so open windows to air spaces where this material is present.

     

    These are also great articles:

    http://www.seattlepi.com/local/326907_plastic09.html

    http://www.bravenewleaf.com/environment/2008/02/updated-repeat.html

    http://www.breastcancerfund.org/clear-science/environmental-breast-cancer-links/plastics/

    http://io9.com/how-to-recognize-the-plastics-that-are-hazardous-to-you-461587850

    http://www.smallfootprintfamily.com/avoiding-toxins-in-plastic

    http://articles.mercola.com/sites/articles/archive/2013/04/11/plastic-use.aspx

    Serious flaws in bluetooth security lead to disclosure of personal data

    Posted by :madrock.net On : March 24, 2008
    3

    Category: Bluetooth, Security

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    source

     

     

    Summary
    In November 2003, Adam Laurie of A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that there are serious flaws in the authentication and/or data transfer mechanisms on some bluetooth enabled devices. Specifically, three vulnerabilities have been found:

    Firstly, confidential data can be obtained, anonymously, and without the owner’s knowledge or consent, from some bluetooth enabled mobile phones. This data includes, at least, the entire phone book and calendar, and the phone’s IMEI.

    Secondly, it has been found that the complete memory contents of some mobile phones can be accessed by a previously trusted (“paired”) device that has since been removed from the trusted list. This data includes not only the phonebook and calendar, but media files such as pictures and text messages. In essence, the entire device can be “backed up” to an attacker’s own system.

    Thirdly, access can be gained to the AT command set of the device, giving full access to the higher level commands and channels, such as data, voice and messaging. This third vulnerability was identified by Martin Herfurt, and they have since started working together on finding additional possible exploits resulting from this vulnerability.

    Finally, the current trend for “Bluejacking” is promoting an environment which puts consumer devices at greater risk from the above attacks.
    Vulnerabilities

    The SNARF attack:
    It is possible, on some makes of device, to connect to the device without alerting the owner of the target device of the request, and gain access to restricted portions of the stored data therein, including the entire phonebook (and any images or other data associated with the entries), calendar, real-time clock, business card, properties, change log, IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity [6], which uniquely identifies the phone to the mobile network, and is used in illegal phone ‘cloning’). This is normally only possible if the device is in “discoverable” or “visible” mode, but there are tools available on the Internet that allow even this safety net to be bypassed[4]. Further details will not be released at this time (see below for more on this), but the attack can and will be demonstrated to manufacturers and press if required.

    The BACKDOOR attack:
    The backdoor attack involves establishing a trust relationship through the “pairing” mechanism, but ensuring that it no longer appears in the target’s register of paired devices. In this way, unless the owner is actually observing their device at the precise moment a connection is established, they are unlikely to notice anything untoward, and the attacker may be free to continue to use any resource that a trusted relationship with that device grants access to (but note that so far we have only tested file transfers). This means that not only can data be retrieved from the phone, but other services, such as modems or Internet, WAP and GPRS gateways may be accessed without the owner’s knowledge or consent. Indications are that once the backdoor is installed, the above SNARF attack will function on devices that previously denied access, and without the restrictions of a plain SNARF attack, so we strongly suspect that the other services will prove to be available also.

    The BLUEBUG attack:
    The bluebug attack creates a serial profile connection to the device, thereby giving full access to the AT command set, which can then be exploited using standard off the shelf tools, such as PPP for networking and gnokii for messaging, contact management, diverts and initiating calls. With this facility, it is possible to use the phone to initiate calls to premium rate numbers, send sms messages, read sms messages, connect to data services such as the Internet, and even monitor conversations in the vicinity of the phone. This latter is done via a voice call over the GSM network, so the listening post can be anywhere in the world. Bluetooth access is only required for a few seconds in order to set up the call. Call forwarding diverts can be set up, allowing the owner’s incoming calls to be intercepted, either to provide a channel for calls to more expensive destinations, or for identity theft by impersonation of the victim.

    Bluejacking:
    Although known to the technical community and early adopters for some time, the process now known as “Bluejacking”[1] has recently come to the fore in the consumer arena, and is becoming a popular mechanism for exchanging anonymous messages in public places. The technique involves abusing the bluetooth “pairing”[2] protocol, the system by which bluetooth devices authenticate each other, to pass a message during the initial “handshake” phase. This is possible because the “name” of the initiating bluetooth device is displayed on the target device as part of the handshake exchange, and, as the protocal allows a large user defined name field – up to 248 characters – the field itself can be used to pass the message. This is all well and good, and, on the face of it, fairly harmless, but, unfortunately, there is a down side. There is a potential security problem with this, and the more the practice grows and is accepted by the user community, and leveraged as a marketing tool by the vendors, the worse it will get. The problem lies in the fact that the protocol being abused is designed for information exchange. The ability to interface with other devices and exchange, update and synchronise data, is the raison d’être of bluetooth. The bluejacking technique is using the first part of a process that allows that exchange to take place, and is therefore open to further abuse if the handshake completes and the “bluejacker” successfully pairs with the target device. If such an event occurs, then all data on the target device becomes available to the initiator, including such things as phone books, calendars, pictures and text messages. As the current wave of PDA and telephony integration progresses, the volume and quality of such data will increase with the devices’ capabilities, leading to far more serious potential compromise. Given the furore that irrupted when a second-hand Blackberry PDA was sold without the previous owner’s data having been wiped[3], it is alarming to think of the consequences of a single bluejacker gathering an entire corporate staff’s contact details by simply attending a conference or camping outside their building or in their foyer with a bluetooth capable device and evil intent. Of course, corporates are not the only potential targets – a bluejacking expedition to, say, The House of Commons, or The US Senate, could provide some interesting, valuable and, who’s to say, potentially damaging or compromising data.<<<

     

    The above may sound alarmist and far fetched, and the general reaction would probably be that most users would not be duped into allowing the connection to complete, so the risk is small. However, in today’s society of instant messaging, the average consumer is under a constant barrage of unsolicited messages in one form or another, whether it be by SPAM email, or “You have won!” style SMS text messages, and do not tend to treat them with much suspicion (although they may well be sceptical about the veracity of the offers). Another message popping up on their ‘phone saying something along the lines of “You have won 10,000 pounds! Enter this 4 digit PIN number and then dial 0900-SUCKER to collect your prize!” is unlikely to cause much alarm, and is more than likely to succeed in many cases.

    Workarounds and fixes
    We are not aware of any workarounds for the SNARF or BLUEBUG attacks at this time, other than to switch off bluetooth. For permanent fixes, see the ‘Fixes’ section at the bottom of the page.

    To permanently remove a pairing, and protect against future BACKDOOR attacks, it seems you must perform a factory reset, but this will, of course, erase all your personal data.

    To avoid Bluejacking, “just say no”. :)

    The above methods work to the best of our knowledge, but, as the devices affected are running closed-source proprietary software, it not possible to verify that without the collaboration of the manufacturers. We therefore make no claims as to the level of protection they provide, and you must continue to use bluetooth at your own risk.

    Who’s Vulnerable
    To date the quantity of devices tested is not great. However, due to the fact that they are amongst the most popular brands, we still consider the affected group to be large. It is also assumed that there are shared implementations of the bluetooth stack, so what affects one model is likely to affect others. This table is accurate to the best of our knowledge, but without the cooperation of the manufacturers (which we currently do not have), it is not possible to conduct more extensive validation.

    The devices known to be vulnerable at this time are:

    Vulnerability Matrix (* = NOT Vulnerable)
    MakeModelFirmware RevBACKDOORSNARF when VisibleSNARF when NOT VisibleBUG
    EricssonT6820R1B
    20R2A013
    20R2B013
    20R2F004
    20R5C001    		?YesNoNo
    Sony EricssonR520m20R2G?YesNo?
    Sony EricssonT68i20R1B
    20R2A013
    20R2B013
    20R2F004
    20R5C001    		?Yes??
    Sony EricssonT61020R1A081
    20R1L013
    20R3C002
    20R4C003
    20R4D001    		?YesNo?
    Sony EricssonT61020R1A081???Yes
    Sony EricssonZ1010??Yes??
    Sony EricssonZ60020R2C007
    20R2F002
    20R5B001    		?Yes??
    Nokia631004.10
    04.20
    4.07
    4.80
    5.22
    5.50    		?YesYes?
    Nokia6310i4.06
    4.07
    4.80
    5.10
    5.22
    5.50
    5.51    		NoYesYesYes
    Nokia7650?YesNo (+)?No
    Nokia8910??YesYes?
    Nokia8910i??YesYes?
    * SiemensS55?NoNoNoNo
    * SiemensSX1?NoNoNoNo
    MotorolaV600 (++)?NoNoNoYes
    MotorolaV80 (++)?NoNoNoYes

    + We now believe the 7650 is only vulnerable to SNARF if it has already been BACKDOORed.
    ++ The V600 and V80 are discoverable for only 60 seconds, when first powered on or when this feature is user selected, and the window for BDADDR discovery is therefore very small. Motorola have stated that they will correct the vulnerability in current firmware.

    Disclosure
    What is the Philosophy of Full Disclosure, and why are we providing the tools and detailing the methods that allow this to be done? The reasoning is simple – by exposing the problem we are achieving two goals: firstly, to alert users that the dangers exist, in order that they can take their own precautions against compromise, and secondly, to put pressure on manufacturers to rectify the situation. Consumers have a right to expect that their confidential data is treated as such, and is not subject to simple compromise by poorly implemented protocols on consumer devices. Manufacturers have a duty of care to ensure that such protection is provided, but, in practice, commercial considerations will often take precedence, and, given the choice, they may choose to simply supress or hide the problem, or, even worse, push for laws that prevent the discovery and/or disclosure of such flaws[5]. In our humble opinion, laws provide scant consumer protection against the lawless.

    After 13 months, and in consideration of the fact that affected manufacturers had acknowledged the issues and made updated firmware available, Full Disclosure took place at the Chaos Computer Club’s annual congress – 21C3, in Berlin, 2004.

    Slides from the disclosure talk can be found here: http://trifinite.org/Downloads/21c3_Bluetooth_Hacking.pdf

    Tools
    Proof of concept utilities have been developed, but are not yet available in the wild. They are:

    • bluestumbler – Monitor and log all visible bluetooth devices (name, MAC, signal strength, capabilities), and identify manufacturer from MAC address lookup.
    • bluebrowse – Display available services on a selected device (FAX, Voice, OBEX etc).
    • bluejack – Send anoymous message to a target device (and optionally broadcast to all visible devices).
    • bluesnarf – Copy data from target device (everything if pairing succeeds, or a subset in other cases, including phonebook and calendar. In the latter case, user will not be alerted by any bluejack message).
    • bluebug – Set up covert serial channel to device.
      Tools will not be released at this time, so please do not ask. However, if you are a bona-fide manufacturer of bluetooth devices that we have been otherwise unable to contact, please feel free to get in touch for more details on how you can identify your device status.

    Credits
    The above vulnerabilities were discovered by Adam Laurie, during the course of his work with A.L. Digital, in November 2003, and this announcement was prepared thereafter by Adam and Ben Laurie for immediate release.

    Adam Laurie is Managing Director and Chief Security Officer of A.L. Digital Ltd.

    Ben Laurie is Technical Director of A.L. Digital, and author of Apache-SSL and contributor to many other open source projects, too numerous to expand on here.

    A.L. Digital Ltd. are the owner operators of The Bunker, the world’s most secure data centre(s).
    e: adam@algroup.co.uk
    w: http://www.aldigital.co.uk

    e: ben@algroup.co.uk
    w: http://www.apache-ssl.org/ben.html

    Further information relating to this disclosure will be updated at http://www.bluestumbler.org

    References:
    [1]

    [2]

    [3]

    • www.outlaw.com

    [4]

    • bluesniff
    • btscanner
    • redfang

    [5]

    [6]

    Bluetooth Wireless Specification

    Posted by :madrock.net On : March 24, 2008
    1

    Category: Bluetooth, Radio General, Security

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    Source

    This article is about the Bluetooth wireless specification. For King Harold Bluetooth, see Harold I of Denmark

    Bluetooth is an industrial specification for wireless personal area networks (PANs).

    Bluetooth provides a way to connect and exchange information between devices like personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, laptops, PCs, printers and digital cameras via a secure, low-cost, globally available short range radio frequency.

    Bluetooth lets these devices talk to each other when they come in range, even if they’re not in the same room, as long as they are within 10 metres (32 feet) of each other.

    The spec was first developed by Ericsson, later formalised by the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG). The SIG was formally announced on May 20, 1999. It was established by Sony Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Toshiba and Nokia, and later joined by many other companies as Associate or Adopter members.

    Table of contents

    * 1 About the name
    * 2 General information
    o 2.1 Embedded Bluetooth
    * 3 Features by version
    o 3.1 Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B
    o 3.2 Bluetooth 1.1
    o 3.3 Bluetooth 1.2
    o 3.4 Bluetooth 2.0
    * 4 Future Bluetooth uses
    * 5 Security concerns
    * 6 Bluetooth profiles
    * 7 See also
    * 8 External links

    About the name

    The system is named after a Danish king Harald Blåtand (<arold Bluetooth in English), King of Denmark and Norway from 935 and 936 respectively, to 940 known for his unification of previously warring tribes from Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Bluetooth likewise was intended to unify different technologies like computers and mobile phones. The Bluetooth logo merges the Nordic runes for H and B.

    General information

     

    A typical Bluetooth mobile phone headset

    The latest version currently available to consumers is 2.0, but few manufacturers have started shipping any products yet. Apple Computer, Inc. offered the first products supporting version 2.0 to end customers in January 2005. The core chips have been available to OEMs (from November 2004), so there will be an influx of 2.0 devices in mid-2005. The previous version, on which all earlier commercial devices are based, is called 1.2.

    Bluetooth is a wireless radio standard primarily designed for low power consumption, with a short range (up to 10 meters [1], ) and with a low-cost transceiver microchip in each device.

    It can be used to wirelessly connect peripherals like printers or keyboards to computers, or to have PDAs communicate with other nearby PDAs or computers.

    Cell phones with integrated Bluetooth technology have also been sold in large numbers, and are able to connect to computers, PDAs and, specifically, to handsfree devices. BMW was the first motor vehicle manufacturer to install handsfree Bluetooth technology in its cars, adding it as an option on its 3 Series, 5 Series and X5 vehicles. Since then, other manufacturers have followed suit, with many vehicles, including the 2004 Toyota Prius and the 2004 Lexus LS 430. The Bluetooth car kits allow users with Bluetooth-equipped cell phones to make use of some of the phone’s features, such as making calls, while the phone itself can be left in a suitcase or in the boot/trunk, for instance.

    The standard also includes support for more powerful, longer-range devices suitable for constructing wireless LANs.

    A Bluetooth device playing the role of “master” can communicate with up to 7 devices playing the role of “slave”. At any given instant in time, data can be transferred between the master and one slave; but the master switches rapidly from slave to slave in a round-robin fashion. (Simultaneous transmission from the master to multiple slaves is possible, but not used much in practice). These groups of up to 8 devices (1 master and 7 slaves) are called piconets.

    The Bluetooth specification also allows connecting two or more piconets together to form a scatternet, with some devices acting as a bridge by simultaneously playing the master role in one piconet and the slave role in another piconet. These devices have yet to come, though are supposed to appear within the next two years.

    Any device may perform an “inquiry” to find other devices to which to connect, and any device can be configured to respond to such inquiries.

    Pairs of devices may establish a trusted relationship by learning (by user input) a shared secret known as a “passkey”. A device that wants to communicate only with a trusted device can cryptographically authenticate the identity of the other device. Trusted devices may also encrypt the data that they exchange over the air so that no one can listen in.

    The protocol operates in the license-free ISM band at 2.45 GHz. In order to avoid interfering with other protocols which use the 2.45 GHz band, the Bluetooth protocol divides the band into 79 channels (each 1 MHz wide) and changes channels up to 1600 times per second. Implementations with versions 1.1 and 1.2 reach speeds of 723.1 kbit/s. Version 2.0 implementations feature Bluetooth Enhanced Data Rate (EDR), and thus reach 2.1 Mbit/s. Technically version 2.0 devices have a higher power consumption, but the three times faster rate reduces the transmission times, effectively reducing consumption to half that of 1.x devices (assuming equal traffic load).

    Bluetooth differs from Wi-Fi in that the latter provides higher throughput and covers greater distances but requires more expensive hardware and higher power consumption. They use the same frequency range, but employ different multiplexing schemes. While Bluetooth is a cable replacement for a variety of applications, Wi-Fi is a cable replacement only for local area network access. A glib summary is that Bluetooth is wireless USB whereas Wi-Fi is wireless Ethernet.

    Many USB Bluetooth adapters are available, some of which also include an IrDA adapter.

    Embedded Bluetooth

    Bluetooth devices and modules are increasingly being made available which come with an embedded stack and a standard UART port. The UART protocol can be as simple as the industry standard AT protocol, which allows the device to be configured to cable replacement mode. This means it now only takes a matter of hours (instead of weeks) to enable legacy wireless products that communicate via UART port.

    Features by version

    Bluetooth 1.0 and 1.0B

    Versions 1.0 and 1.0B had numerous problems and the various manufacturers had great difficulties in making their products interoperable. 1.0 and 1.0B also had mandatory Bluetooth Hardware Device Address (BD_ADDR) transmission in the handshaking process, rendering anonymity impossible at a protocol level, which was a major set-back for services planned to be used in Bluetooth environments, such as Consumerism.

    Bluetooth 1.1

    In version 1.1 many errata found in the 1.0B specifications were fixed. There was added support for non-encrypted channels.

    Bluetooth 1.2

    This version is backwards compatible with 1.1 and the major enhancements include

    • Adaptive Frequency Hopping (AFH), which improves resistance to radio interference by avoiding using crowded frequencies in the hopping sequence
    • Higher transmission speeds in practice
    • extended Synchronous Connections (eSCO), which improves voice quality of audio links by allowing retransmissions of corrupted packets.
    • Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)
    • Host Controller Interface (HCI) support for 3-wire UART
    • HCI access to timing information for Bluetooth applications.

    Bluetooth 2.0

    This version is backwards compatible with 1.x and the major enhancements include

    • Non-hopping narrowband channel(s) introduced. These are faster but have been criticised as defeating a built-in security mechanism of earlier versions; however frequency hopping is hardly a reliable security mechanism by today’s standards. Rather, Bluetooth security is based mostly on cryptography.
    • Broadcast/multicast support. Non-hopping channels are used for advertising Bluetooth service profiles offered by various devices to high volumes of Bluetooth devices simultaneously, since there is no need to perform handshaking with every device. (In previous versions the handshaking process takes a bit over one second.)
    • Enhanced Data Rate (EDR) of 2.1 Mbit/s.
    • Built-in quality of service.
    • Distributed media-access control protocols.
    • Faster response times.
    • Halved power consumption due to shorter duty cycles.

    Future Bluetooth uses

    One of the ways Bluetooth technology may become useful is in Voice over IP. When VOIP becomes more widespread, companies may find it unnecessary to employ telephones physically similar to today’s analogue telephone hardware. Bluetooth may then end up being used for communication between a cordless phone and a computer listening for VOIP and with an infrared PCI card acting as a base for the cordless phone. The cordless phone would then just require a cradle for charging. Bluetooth would naturally be used here to allow the cordless phone to remain operational for a reasonably long period.

    Security concerns

    In November 2003, Ben and Adam Laurie from A.L. Digital Ltd. discovered that serious flaws in Bluetooth security lead to disclosure of personal data (see http://bluestumbler.org). It should be noted however that the reported security problems concerned some poor implementations of Bluetooth, rather than the protocol itself.

    In a subsequent experiment, Martin Herfurt from the trifinite.group was able to do a field-trial at the CeBIT fairgrounds showing the importance of the problem to the world. A new attack called BlueBug was used for this experiment.

    In April 2004, security consultants @Stake revealed a security flaw that makes it possible to crack into conversations on Bluetooth based wireless headsets by reverse engineering the PIN.

    This is one of a number of concerns that have been raised over the security of Bluetooth communications. In 2004 the first purported virus using Bluetooth to spread itself among mobile phones appeared for the Symbian OS. The virus was first described by Kaspersky Labs and requires users to confirm the installation of unknown software before it can propagate. The virus was written as a proof-of-concept by a group of virus writers known as 29a and sent to anti-virus groups. Because of this, it should not be regarded as a security failure of either Bluetooth or the Symbian OS. It has not propagated ‘in the wild’.

    In August 2004, a world-record-setting experiment (see also Bluetooth sniping) showed that with directional antennas the range of class 2 Bluetooth radios could be extended to one mile. This enables attackers to access vulnerable Bluetooth-devices from a distance beyond expectation.

    Bluetooth uses the SAFER+ algorithm for authentication and key generation.

    Bluetooth profiles

    In order to use Bluetooth, a device must be able to interpret certain Bluetooth profiles. These define the possible applications. Following profiles are defined:

    • Generic Access Profile (GAP)
    • Service Discovery Application Profile (SDAP)
    • Cordless Telephony Profile (CTP)
    • Intercom Profile (IP)
    • Serial Port Profile (SPP)
    • Headset Profile (HSP)
    • Dial-up Networking Profile (DUNP)
    • Fax Profile
    • LAN Access Profile (LAP)
    • Generic Object Exchange Profile (GOEP)
    • Object Push Profile (OPP)
    • File Transfer Profile (FTP)
    • Synchronisation Profile (SP)

    This profile allows synchronisation of Personal Information Manager (PIM) items. As this profile originated as part of the infra-red specifications but has been adopted by the Bluetooth SIG to form part of the main Bluetooth specification, it is also commonly referred to as IrMC Synchronisation.

    • Hands-Free Profile (HFP)
    • Human Interface Device Profile (HID)
    • Hard Copy Replacement Profile (HCRP)
    • Basic Imaging Profile (BIP)
    • Personal Area Networking Profile (PAN)
    • Basic Printing Profile (BPP)
    • Advanced Audio Distribution Profile (A2DP)
    • Audio Video Remote Control Profile (AVRCP)
    • SIM Access Profile (SAP)

    Compatibility of products with profiles can be verified on the Bluetooth Qualification website.

    See also

    External links

    New e-Commerce and Payment Technologies Company

    Posted by :madrock.net On : March 24, 2008
    0

    Category: Banking & EFTPoS

    Tags:, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,

    Recently I came across a new e-Commerce company called EFT Networks, which seems to have an exciting future in the Global Payments Market.

    It looks like they have a good mix of consulting and solution design.

    www.eftnetworks.com

    Services

    Electronic Payment

    Designed to enable both credit card and direct debit, EFT Networks electronic payment solutions work effectively across multiple sales channels—including Web, Contact Call Centre, IVR and EFTPOS. Manage your payment processing system in-house or outsource, depending on your business needs.

    Global Payments

    International commerce requires fully integrated global payment and risk management solutions. Requirements span the gamut of payment acceptance considerations from accepting local payment types, pricing in local currencies and dynamically updating prices with changes in exchange rates (dynamic currency conversion), authorising and settling in multiple currencies, to managing fraud and compliance issues such as tax and export regulations. EFT Networks offers a single interface to the global payment network to handle all of these considerations as your business grows.

    ICE – Reporting & Management

    The EFT Networks Enterprise Business Center gives you a single, easy-to-use interface for managing and configuring payment processing services.

    ICE caters for each area of the payment transaction cycle from authentication, authorisation, settlement, dispute resolution and reconciliation – enabling our clients to reduce transaction costs, eliminate fraud, minimise risk, maximise cash flow and increase profitability.

    Integrations

    EFT Networks provides flexible and secure payment and risk management integrations in to host and legacy systems as well as industry-leading software.

    Using industry standards and protocols, our solutions can be customised to suit your exact business requirements

    Products

    ICE (Intelligent Communications Exchange)

    At the core is our Intelligent Communications Exchange (ICE) which enables all known transaction enablers from EFTPOS to eCommerce to be routed directly to a client’s bank without intervention for real time acceptance and authentication.

    The EFT Networks ICE operates under a philosophy of total System and Physical redundancy delivering the highest uptime rates possible, whilst the transaction network is protected using Solid State and Application Firewalls on all points of ingress and egress.

    Every transaction processed through EFT Networks is encrypted using 128 bit Secure Socket Layer (SSL) encryption and submitted for authorisation through EFT Networks “Secure Virtual Private Network” (SVPN).

    Our commitment to security is also reflected in our swift compliance with Card Schemes security initiatives such as VerifiedByVisa and MasterCard SecureCode.

    EFT Networks comprehensive suit of online reporting tools combined with daily transaction reports will ensure that our clients always have access to up-to-date management information allowing Business Managers to make quick and well-informed business decisions. The decision making process is simplified even further with the power of daily reports that are customised to be imported into most existing legacy systems.