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No need to bypass security with a boot disk – 17 year old Windows exploit found

Posted by :Derek On : February 18, 2010

Tags:access, attack, authentication, bar, Corporate, Explorer, hack, hardware, Internet, Microsoft, network, patch, Pin, security, server, support, template, text, type, Vulnerabilities, vulnerability, Vulnerable

The problem has been discovered in the Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) introduced in 1993 to support 16-bit applications (real mode applications for 8086). VDM is based on the Virtual 8086 Mode (VM86) in 80386 processors and, among other things, intercepts hardware routines such as BIOS calls. Google security team member Tavis Ormandy has found several vulnerabilities in this implementation that allow an unprivileged 16-bit program to manipulate the kernel stack of each process via a number of tricks. This potentially enables attackers to execute code at system privilege level.

In addition to the unpatched hole in Internet Explorer, a now published hole in Windows allows users with restricted access to escalate their privileges to system level â€“ and this is believed to be possible on all 32-bit versions of Windows from Windows NT 3.1 up to, and including Windows 7. While the vulnerability is likely to affect home users in only a minor way, the administrators of corporate networks will probably have their hands full this week.

The problem is caused by flaws in the Virtual DOS Machine (VDM) introduced in 1993 to support 16-bit applications (real mode applications for 8086). VDM is based on the Virtual 8086 Mode (VM86) in 80386 processors and, among other things, intercepts hardware routines such as BIOS calls. Google security team member Tavis Ormandy has found several vulnerabilities in this implementation that allow an unprivileged 16-bit program to manipulate the kernel stack of each process via a number of tricks. This potentially enables attackers to execute code at system privilege level.

Ormandy has also published a suitable exploit which functions under Windows XP, Windows Server 2003 and 2008, Windows Vista and Windows 7. When tested by the The H’s associates at heise Security, the exploit opened a command prompt in the system context, which has the highest privilege level, under Windows XP and Windows 7. No patch has become available, although Ormandy reports that Microsoft was already informed of the hole in mid 2009. The developer decided to publish the information regardless because, in his opinion, there is a simple workaround: to disable the MS-DOS subsystem.

The workaround requires users to start the group policy editor and enable the “Prevent access to 16-bit applications” option in the Computer ConfigurationAdministrative TemplatesWindows ComponentsApplication Compatibility section. When tested with these settings by the heise Security team, the exploit no longer functioned. The settings reportedly don’t cause any major compatibility problems for most users while no 16-bit applications are being used.

Update – The above option is only available through the group policy editor on Windows 2003 systems. Some versions of Windows do not include a group policy editor. As an alternative, users can also create a registry key under HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREPoliciesMicrosoftWindowsAppCompat with a D-Word value of VDMDissallowed = 1. Under Windows XP, to prevent the system from being vulnerable to the exploit, users can place the following text:

Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINESOFTWAREPoliciesMicrosoftWindowsAppCompat]

“VDMDisallowed”=dword:00000001

into a file called vdmdisallow.reg and double click the file. Windows will then automatically import the key (admin rights are required to perform this action).

Update 2 -Â Microsoft has now confirmed the privilege escalation hole in Windows. The company says that it wants to complete its investigation of the vulnerability and will then decide whether, how and when to close it.

See Also:

Microsoft Windows NT #GP Trap Handler Allows Users to Switch Kernel Stack, security advisory from Travis Ormandy.

REDMOND — When it rains, it pours. Especially in the Seattle area. Tavis Ormandy has published full details on a privilege escalation hack of all versions of Windows including Windows 7.

The exploit takes advantage of a bug in the Windows implementation of the ‘virtual DOS machine’ used to run legacy 16-bit programs. The exploit can be avoided by turning the VDM ‘feature’ off but the danger of course is that enough Windows lusers won’t know about the bug and/or bother turning the ‘feature’ off.

16-bit applications need BIOS support; the Windows kernel supports virtual BIOS interrupts in its ‘Virtual-8086’ mode monitor code. The code is implemented in two stages. The #GP trap handler transitions to the second stage when CS:EIP faults with specific ‘magic’ values.

The transition requires (subsequent to authentication) restoring the context and the call stack from the faulting trap frame. But the authentication process is flawed, relying as it does on three incorrect assumptions.

Setting up a VDM context requires SeTcbPrivilege.The barrier to getting a VDM context can be subverted by requesting the NT VDM subsystem and then using CreateRemoteThread() to run code in the context of the VDM subsystem. The VDM subsystem already has the necessary flag set.
Ring 3 (unprivileged) code cannot install arbitrary code segment selectors.Using the two least significant bits of CS/SS to calculate the privilege of a task doesn’t work when it comes to Virtual-8086 mode. The 20-bit addressing (by adding CS << 4 to the 16-bit IP) is also used to map onto the protected linear Virtual-8086 address space. If CS can be set to an arbitrary value, then the privilege calculation can be circumvented.
Ring 3 (unprivileged) code cannot forge a trap frame.Returns to user mode are through IRET. An invalid context can cause IRET to fail pre-commit, which in turn forges a trap frame. And even with address randomisation it’s trivial to use NtQuerySystemInformation() to obtain the address of the second stage BIOS handler.

Affected Systems

This bug dates back 17 years and affects all systems released since 27 July 1993 – Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7. See the links below for further details.

Ham Radio Links

Posted by :Derek On : November 29, 2009

Category: Amateur Radio

Tags:access, Adelaide, Adelaide Hills, Amateur Radio, amateur radio operator, antenna, AREG, ASP, Australia, Australian, bar, Barossa, broadcast, Cafe, Card, Chip, circuit, Communications, Corporate, data, Debit, DES, Digital, DNS, dream, Dust, EDR, EFT, Electronic, Enterprise, Ford, frequency, GHz, Guide, hack, hardware, HSM, interface, Internet, Iphone, ISP, Mall, network, online, phone, php, Pin, Protection, Radio, RSA, SAP, School, server, SLA, Stirling, support, Technical, technology, telnet, text, transmission, utility, web

Amateur Packet Radio Australian

Aussiewide Packet Radio Network http://www.ampr.org.au/

AAPRA http://members.optusnet.com.au/aapra

Queensland APRS Users Group http://www.tech-software.net/

VK2KFJ’s Packet Radio Links page http://www.qsl.net/vk2kfj/pacradio.html

VK4ZU http://www.users.on.net/~trevorb/

VK5 AX25 Packet Network Map (VK5AH) http://homepages.picknowl.com.au/wavetel/vk5pack.htm

Winlink

Winpack

International

Amateur Packet Radio Gateways http://www.ampr-gates.net/frame_e.htm

Amateur Packet Radio, net 44, and AMPR.ORG `http://www.ampr.org/

American Febo Enterprises http://www.febo.com/index.html

BayCom http://www.baycom.org/

FUNET http://www.funet.fi/pub/ham/packet/

FUNET ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/ham/packet/

F4DAY http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jf.fourcadier/index_e.htm

F6FBB http://www.f6fbb.org/

GB7DIP TNOS/PBBS http://www.qsl.net/gb7dip/access.html

G4JKQ TCP/IP Telnet listing http://www.qsl.net/g4jkq/tcp.htm

G7JJF TNC Driver Support (WINTNC) http://www.g7jjf.demon.co.uk/

High speed packet http://hydra.carleton.ca/articles/hispeed.html

High Speed Packet radio http://www.lmrgroup.com/ke3ht/hspr.html

High-speed Packet Radio http://cacofonix.nt.tuwien.ac.at/~oe1kib/Radio/

KE5FX http://www.qsl.net/ke5fx/

K4ABT (home page) http://www.packetradio.com/

Linux® / Amateur Radio Information http://delbert.matlock.com/linux-radio.htm

Linux AX25-HOWTO http://tldp.org/HOWTO/AX25-HOWTO/

PA3CGO http://www.qsl.net/pa3gco/

Packet Info and Downloads http://www.packetradio.com/

Packet Links http://www.stack.serpukhov.su/~victor/hamradio/packet/packet.html

Packet Net (VK5 packet map) http://www.packetnet.org/

Packet Net (FBB software) http://www.packetnet.org/fbb.htm

PAcket Digital Amateur Network (PADAN) http://www.weaksignals.com/

Radio-TNC Wiring Diagrams http://users3.ev1.net/~medcalf/ztx/wire/

RST http://www.qsl.net/on1blu/

Slovenian ATV/Packet http://lea.hamradio.si/~s51kq/

Sound Card Packet http://www.qsl.net/soundcardpacket/index.html

TAPR http://www.tapr.org/

TNC-X http://www.tnc-x.com/

TPK http://www.f6fbb.org/f1ebn/index.htm

TNOS Central http://www.lantz.com/tnos/

TVIPUG http://www.tvipug.org

WA4DSY 56k RF Modem http://www.wa4dsy.net/

Yet Another 9k6 Modem http://www.microlet.com/yam/

Sound Card Packet

ILINKBOARDS.com http://www.ilinkboards.com/

Sound Card Buddy http://www.sparetimegizmos.com/Hardware/SoundBuddy.htm

Soundcard Interfacing http://www.qsl.net/wm2u/interface.html

Sound Card Packet AGWPE (KC2RLM) http://www.patmedia.net/ralphmilnes/soundcardpacket/

Sound Card Interface with Tone Keyer (WA8LMF) http://members.aol.com/wa8lmf/ham/tonekeyer.htm

QDG sound card interface

Return to Top

Winlink

Winlink! 2000 http://winlink.org/

Aussie Winlink http://www.aussiewinlink.org

Pactor Communications Australia http://www.pca.cc/

Winpack

Winpack home page http://www.peaksys.co.uk/

Winpack info http://www2.tpg.com.au/users/peteglo/winpack.htm

TNC information

General

Setting Your TNC’s Audio Drive Level http://www.febo.com/packet/layer-one/transmit.html

TNC and Radio mods http://www.johnmather.free-online.co.uk/tnc.htm

MFJ

MFJ-1278B Care and maintenance http://www.qsl.net/ke4mob/

AEA

AEA radio and TNC mods http://www.k7on.com/mods/aea/mods/aeamod.txt

Other suppliers

BYONICS http://byonics.com/

Fox Delta http://www.foxdelta.com/

Kantronics http://www.kantronics.com/

PacComm http://www.paccomm.com/

The DXZone Digital and Packet Radio http://www.dxzone.com/catalog/Manufacturers/Digital_and_Packet_Radio/

Tigertronics http://www.tigertronics.com/

Timewave http://www.timewave.com/amprods.html

TNC-X – The Expandable TNC http://www.tnc-x.com/

Gateways

Amateur Packet Radio Gateways http://www.ampr-gates.net

G4JKQ http://www.g4jkq.co.uk/

The Gateways Home Page http://www.ampr-gateways.org/

High-Speed Digital Networks and Multimedia (Amateur)

North Texas High Speed MultiMedia group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ntms-hsmm/

Also take a look at the wireless LAN pages

APRS

Aus APRS http://www.radio-active.net.au/vk2_aprs.html

APRS http://www.radio-active.net.au/web/gpsaprs/aprsrept.html

APRS http://aprs.rutgers.edu/

APRS http://www.cave.org/aprs/

APRS in Adelaide http://vk5.aprs.net.au/

AVR-Microcontroller http://www.qsl.net/dk5jg/aprs_karten/index.html

APRS in the UK http://www.aprsuk.net/

aprsworld http://www.aprsworld.net

APRS.DE http://www.aprs.de/

APRS-Berlin http://www.aprs-berlin.de/

APRS-Frankfurt http://www.aprs-frankfurt.de/

BYONICS (Electronics Projects for Amateur Radio) http://www.byonics.com/

CanAPRS http://www.canaprs.net/

Dansk APRS Gruppe http://www.aprs.dk/

findU.com http://www.findu.com/

France APRS http://www.franceaprs.net/

Kansas City APRS Working Group http://www.kcaprs.org/

KD4RDB http://wes.johnston.net/aprs/

Live Australian APRS data maps http://www.aprs.net.au/japrs_live.html

NIAN http://nian.aprs.org/

Queensland APRS Users Group http://www.tech-software.net/

Tri-State APRS Working Group http://www.tawg.org/

Other Digital Modes

General

HF-FAX http://www.hffax.de/index.html

ZL1BPU http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/

Morse Code

CW Operators’ QRP Club Inc. http://www.users.on.net/~zietz/qrp/club.htm

Fists Down Under http://fistsdownunder.morsekeys.com

LEARN MORSE CODE in one minute ! http://www.learnmorsecode.com/

MRX morse code http://www.mrx.com.au/

Not Morse Code, Slow Scan , Packet or APRS

HamDream by HB9TLK (digital radio) http://www.qslnet.de/member/hb9tlk/

JE3HHT, Makoto (Mako) Mori http://www.qsl.net/mmhamsoft/

PSK31 and other PC Magic http://www.psk31.com/

WSJT ACTIVITY IN AU (follow link) http://www.tased.edu.au/tasonline/vk7wia/

Amateur Digital Radio

AR Digital Voice Communications http://www.hamradio-dv.org/

Australian National D-Star http://www.dstar.org.au/

Ham Radio digital info http://www.hamradio.com/pdf/dstar.pdf

ICOM America digital http://www.icomamerica.com/amateur/dstar/

Temple University Digital Voice Project http://www.temple.edu/k3tu/digital_voice.htm

Temple University Vocoder Redux http://www.temple.edu/k3tu/VocoderRedux.pdf

WinDRM – HF Digital Radio Mondiale http://n1su.com/windrm/

D-Star

Australian D-Star information http://www.dstar.org.au/

D-Star wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-STAR

ICOM America D-Star Forums http://www.icomamerica.com/en/support/forums/tt.asp?forumid=2

Software Defined Radio

FlexRadio Systems Software Defined Radios http://www.flex-radio.com/

Rocky software for SoftRock-40 hardware http://www.dxatlas.com/rocky/

SDRadio – a Software Defined Radio http://digilander.libero.it/i2phd/sdradio/

SoftRock-40 Software Defined Radio http://www.amqrp.org/kits/softrock40/index.html

The Weaksignals pages og Alberto I2PHD (software) http://www.weaksignals.com/

Digital Radio

BBC digital Radio http://www.bbc.co.uk/digitalradio/

Digital Audio Broadcasting http://www.digitalradio.ca/

Digital Radio Broadcasting http://happy.emu.id.au/lab/info/digradio/index.html

Digital Radio http://www.magi.com/~moted/dr/

DRDB http://www.drdb.org/

DRM – Digitaler Rundfunk unter 30 MHz http://www.b-kainka.de/drm.htm#dritte

Amateur Radio Direction Finding

Amateur Radio Direction Finding and Orienteering http://vkradio.com/ardf.html

Amateur Radio Direction Finding Webring http://www.qsl.net/vk3zpf/webring1.htm

Homing In http://members.aol.com/homingin/

RON GRAHAM ELECTRONICS (ARDF and more) http://users.mackay.net.au/~ron/

Victorian ARDF Group Inc. http://www.ardf.org.au/

Repeater Linking

There are currently There are 5 internet linking projects that I know of :-

IRLP,Â iPHONE, iLINK, eCHOLINK and WIN SYSTEM (May 2005)

EchoLink http://www.echolink.org/

Hamlink (K1RFD) http://www.hamlink.net/

KWARC (live audio) http://www.kwarc.org/listen/

Internet Linking http://www.qsl.net/g3zhi/index2.html

IRLP http://www.irlp.net/

IRLP status http://status.irlp.net

WIN SYSTEM http://www.winsystem.org/

iLINK

G4CDY-L Internet Gateway http://www.g4cdy.co.uk/

iLink http://www.aacnet.net./

VA3TO iLINK INTERFACE http://www.ilinkca.com/

VK2JTP iLINK gateway http://www.qsl.net/vk2jtp/

WB2REM & G4CDY’SÂ iLINK boards http://www.ilinkboards.com/

WB4FAY http://www.wb4fay.com/ilink_FAQ.html

INTERFACES

ILINKBOARDS.com http://www.ilinkboards.com/

laser diodes

A R Laser Communications http://www.qsl.net/wb9ajz/laser/laser.htm

Australian Optical DX Group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/Optical_DX/

Driver Enhancements http://www.misty.com/people/don/laserdps.htm#dpsdepm

European Laser Communications http://www.emn.org.uk/laser.htm

Ronja http://atrey.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~clock/twibright/ronja/

Amateur Radio Licence

radiofun http://www.alphalink.com.au/~parkerp/gateway.htm

Worldwide Information on Licensing for Radio Amateurs by OH2MCN http://www.qsl.net/oh2mcn/license.htm

Amateur Radio Clubs and Organisations

Also see ATV link page

and VHF link page

Australian

Adelaide Hills Amateur Radio Society http://www.qsl.net/vk5bar/

Amateur Radio Victoria http://www.amateurradio.com.au/

Barossa Amateur Radio Club VK5BRC http://www.qsl.net/vk5brc/

Brisbane Amateur Radio Club http://www.qsl.net/vk4ba/index.html

Brisbane VHF Group

Central Coast Amateur Radio Club http://www.ccarc.org.au/

Central Goldfields A R Club http://www.cgfar.com/

CHIFLEY A R CLUB http://chifley.radiocorner.net/

Coffs Harbour & District Amateur Radio Club http://www.qsl.net/vk2ep/index.html

CW Operators’ QRP Club Inc. http://www.users.on.net/~zietz/qrp/club.htm

Eastern and Mountain District Radio Club http://www.emdrc.com.au

Gold Coast AR Society http://www.gcars.com.au/

Healesville Amateur Radio Group http://www.harg.org.au/

Historical Wireless Society of South East Queensland http://www.hws.org.au/

Ipswich Metro Radio Group http://imrg.ips-mesh.net/

Lockyer Valley Radio and Electronic Club Inc http://www.qsl.net/vk4wil/

Manly-Warringah Radio Society http://www.qsl.net/vk2mb/

NWTARIG http://vk7ax.tassie.net.au/nwtarig/

QRP Amateur Radio Club International http://www.qrparci.org/

Queensland APRS Users Group http://www.tech-software.net/

RADAR Club Inc http://radarclub.tripod.com

Radio Amateurs Old Timers Club Australia Inc http://www.raotc.org.au/

Radio Sport http://www.uq.net.au/radiosport/

Radio and Electronics Association of Southern Tasmania http://reast.asn.au/

Riverland Amateur Radio Club http://www.rrc.org.au/

South Australian Packet User Group Inc. (SAPUG) http://www.sapug.ampr.org/

SERG http://serg.mountgambier.org

South Coast AMATEUR RADIO Club http://www.scarc.org.au/

SOUTHSIDE AMATEUR RADIO SOCIETY http://www.qsl.net/vk4wss/

Sunshine Coast Amateur Radio Club http://vk4wis.org/

VK Young Amateur Radio Operator’s Net http://www.geocities.com/vk_ya/

VK3APC http://www.mdrc.org.au/

VK3BEZ (WIA Eastern Zone Amateur Radio Club) http://www.qsl.net/vk3bez/

VK4WIL http://www.qsl.net/vk4wil/

West Australia Repeater Group http://www.warg.org.au

WESTLAKES AR Club http://www.westlakesarc.org.au/

WIA VK4 Qld http://www.wiaq.com/

WIA VK4 QNEWS NEWSROOM http://www.wiaq.com/qnews/upload/qnews.htm

WIA http://www.wia.org.au/

WICEN Australia http://www.wicen.org.au/

WICEN Brisbane Qld

New Zealand

NZART http://www.nzart.org.nz/nzart/

Papakura Radio Club http://www.qsl.net/zl1vk/

Wanganui Amateur Radio Society Inc. http://www.zl2ja.org.nz/

Wellington VHF Group http://www.vhf.org.nz/

International

American QRP Club http://www.amqrp.org/index.html

ARRL http://www.arrl.org/

Clear Lake Amateur Radio Club http://www.clarc.org/

FRARS http://www.frars.org.uk/

HKAR http://www.hkra.org/

HRDXA http://www.qsl.net/vr2dxa/

KIDSHAMRADIO http://www.kidshamradio.com/

K2MFF Amateur Radio club http://www-ec.njit.edu/~k2mff/

North TeXas Repeater Association http://www.ntxra.com/main_page.htm

N0WGE http://www.sckans.edu/~sireland/radio/

The Repeater Builders Technical Information Page http://www.repeater-builder.com/rbtip/index.html#main-index

Richardson Wireless Klub http://www.k5rwk.org/

RADARS http://www.mbc.co.uk/RADARS/

RSGB http://www.rsgb.org/

SARL http://www.sarl.org.za/

Submarine Veterans Amateur Radio http://w0oog.50megs.com/

Southgate AR club http://www.southgatearc.org/index.htm

TEARA http://www.teara.org/

The 500 KC Experimental Group for Amateur Radio http://www.500kc.com/

Tucson Amateur Packet Radio http://www.tapr.org/

W6DEK 435 Los Angeles http://www.w6dek.com/

Amateur Radio

Australian

Australian AR Repeater Map http://vkham.com/australimaps.html

AMATEUR RADIO WIKI http://www.amateur-radio-wiki.net

HAM SHACK COMPUTERS http://www4.tpgi.com.au/users/vk6pg/

Ham Radio in Australia with VK1DA http://members.ozemail.com.au/~andrewd/hamradio/

HF Radio Antenna Tuners http://www.users.bigpond.net.au/eagle33/elect/ant_tuner.htm

Queensland AR Repeater listings http://vkham.com/Repeater/vk4map.html

Radioactive Networks: Ham http://www.radio-active.net.au/web/ham/

Tony Hunt VK5AH (Home of Adelaides 10m Repeater) http://homepages.picknowl.com.au/wavetel/default.htm

VK1DA’s Amateur Radio Web Directory vk1da.net/radlink.html

VK1KEP http://www.pcug.org.au/~prellis/amateur/

VK1OD owenduffy.net

VK2BA (AM radio) http://www.macnaughtonart.com/default.htm

VK3PA http://www.vk3pa.com/home.asp

VK3UKF http://members.fortunecity.co.uk/vk3ukf/index.html

VK3XPD http://www.users.bigpond.com/alandevlin/index.html

VK3YE’s Gateway to AR http://www.alphalink.com.au/~parkerp/gateway.htm

VK3ZQB http://members.datafast.net.au/vk3zqb/

VK4CEJ http://www.hfradio.org/vk4cej/hamlinks.html

VK4TEC http://www.tech-software.net/

VK4TUB http://www.vk4tub.org/

VK4ZGB http://members.optusnet.com.au/jamieb/index.html

VK4ZU http://www.users.on.net/~trevorb/

VK5BR http://users.tpg.com.au/users/ldbutler/

VK5KK http://www.ozemail.com.au/~tecknolt/index.html

VK8JJ http://www.qsl.net/vk8jj/

New Zealand

Micro Controller Projects for Radio Amateurs and Hobbyists http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/micro/index.htm

Precision Frequency Transmission and Reception http://www.qsl.net/zl1bpu/micro/Precision/index.htm

ZL3TMB http://www.hamradio.co.nz/

International

AC6V’s AR & DX Reference http://www.ac6v.com/

Amateur radio with Knoppix http://www.afu-knoppix.de/

Amateur Radio Soundblaster Software Collection http://www.muenster.de/~welp/sb.htm

AM fone.net http://www.amfone.net

AMRAD Low Frequency Web Page http://www.amrad.org/projects/lf/index.html

DL4YHF http://www.qsl.net/dl4yhf/

Direction finding http://members.aol.com/homingin/

DSP Links http://users.iafrica.com/k/ku/kurient/dsp/links.html

Electric-web.org www.electric-web.org

EI4HQ http://www.4c.ucc.ie/~cjgebruers/index.htm

EI8IC http://www.qsl.net/ei8ic/

EHAM http://www.eham.net/

eQSL (electronic QSL) http://www.eqsl.cc/qslcard/

HamInfoBar http://www.haminfobar.co.uk/

Felix Meyer http://home.datacomm.ch/hb9abx/

FUNET http://www.funet.fi/pub/ham/

F4DAY http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jf.fourcadier/index_e.htm

Gateway to Amateur Radio http://www.alphalink.net.au/~parkerp/gabra.htm

Grid Square Locator http://www.arrl.org/locate/grid.html

G3PTO http://www.qsl.net/g3pto/

G4KLX (The [ON/]G4KLX Page) http://www.qslnet.de/member/g4klx/

HAM RADIO EQUIPMENT & ACCESSORIES http://www.area-ham.org/library/equip/equip.htm

Ham-Links http://www.k1dwu.net/ham-links/

HAMUNIVERSE.COM http://www.hamuniverse.com/

Hamview DSP software http://www.qsl.net/k3pgp/Hamview/hamview.htm

Homebrew RF Test Equipment And Software http://www.qsl.net/n9zia/wireless/appendixF.html#10

KB4VOLÂ Â link site http://pages.prodigy.com/kb4vol/

KE5FX http://www.qsl.net/ke5fx/

KF6VTA & KG4TBJ http://www.geocities.com/silensiosham/index.html

KU4AY ham radio directory http://www.ku4ay.net/

K1DWU http://www.k1dwu.net/

K1TTT http://www.k1ttt.net/

K1TTT Technical Reference http://www.k1ttt.net/technote/techref.html

K3PGP http://www.k3pgp.org/

K3TZ Ham Radio Experimentation http://www.qsl.net/k3tz/

K6XC (links) http://home.earthlink.net/~rluttringer/

Lighthouses (International Lighthouse/ Lightship Weekend) http://illw.net

Links2go http://www.links2go.net/more/www.ampr.org/

Mels AMATEUR RADIO LINK’S http://www.users.zetnet.co.uk/melspage/amlinks.htm

Michael Todd Computers & Communications http://www.arcompanion.com/

MoDTS http://www.m0dts.co.uk/

NT8N http://www.qsl.net/nt8n

NW7USÂ Â (Amateur and Shortwave Radio) http://hfradio.org/

N3EYR’s Radio Links http://www.isrv.com/~joel/radio.html

PD0RKC http://www.qsl.net/pd0rkc/

PI6ATV (ATV, Antenna, software, info) http://members.tripod.lycos.nl/PI6ATV/software.htm

Radio Links http://www.angelfire.com/ri/theboss1/

Radio Corner (forum) http://www.radiocorner.net

Ray Vaughan http://rayvaughan.com/

Reference http://www.panix.com/~clay/ham/

streaming radio programs http://live365.com/home/index.live

The Elmer HAMlet (information) http://www.qth.com/antenna/index.htm

VE1XYL and VE1ALQ http://www.qsl.net/ve1alq/downloads/tetrode-ps/pwrsup.htm

WB6VUB (links) http://www.mpicomputers.com/ham/

WL7LP http://www.geocities.com/TimesSquare/Castle/3782/wl7lp.html

W2XO http://www.w2xo.pgh.pa.us/

XE1BEFÂ (DX, mods, links and more) http://www.geocities.com/xe1bef/

Communications Equipment

Australian

Andrews Communication Systems http://www.andrewscom.com.au/

AUSTRALIAN ENTERPRISE INDUSTRIAL http://www.spin.net.au/~aeitower/

BENELEC www.benelec.com.au

Bushcomm www.bushcomm.com.au

G. & C. COMMUNICATIONS www.gccomm.com.au

Hamak (RM Products Italy) http://www.hamak.com.au/

Hamshack http://www.hamshack.com.au

KENWOOD Australia http://www.kenwood.com.au/

Kyle Communications http://www.kyle.com.au/

ICOM Australia http://www.icom.net.au

Mini-kits http://www.minikits.com.au/

OZGEAR http://www.ozgear.com.au/

Radio-Data (links) http://www.radio-data.net/

Radio Specialists (equipment connectors and antenna) http://www.radiospecialists.com.au

STRICTLY HAM http://www.strictlyham.com.au/

TET-EMTRON www.tet-emtron.com

Townsville CB& Communications http://www.vk4tub.org/tcb/tcb.html

TTS Systems http://www.ttssystems.com.au/

VK4-ICE Communications http://www.vk4ice.com

WiNRADiO (PC based receivers) http://www.winradio.com.au

International

MFJ http://www.mfjenterprises.com/index.php

Vertex Standard http://www.vxstd.com/en/index.html

W7FG VINTAGE MANUALS CATALOGUE http://www.w7fg.com/index.html

Z Communications Company (repair of old radio equipment) http://home.comcast.net/~zcomco/

Equipment suppliers and manufacturers

Easy-radio (your DNS server may have problems finding this site) http://www.easy-radio.co.uk/

Kits and Components

Australian and selected international suppliers

ACRES ELECTRONICS http://www.acreselectronics.co.nz/product.htm

Allthings http://www.allthings.com.au/

Altronics http://www.altronics.com.au/

Antique Electronic Supply http://www.tubesandmore.com/

Antenna Systems and Supplies Inc. (sm) http://www.antennasystems.com/

Av-COMM http://www.avcomm.com.au/

BYONICS http://www.byonics.com/

Clarke & Severn Electronics http://www.clarke.com.au

Cliff Electronics (Aus) Pty. Ltd http://www.cliff.com.au/

Computronics http://www.computronics.com.au/tools/

David Hall Electronics http://www.dhe.com.au

Dick Smith Electronics http://www.dse.com.au/cgi-bin/dse.storefront

Digi-Key http://www.digikey.com/

Dominion Electronics http://www.dominion.net.au/

Electronics http://www.michelletroutman.com/index.htm

Elliott Sound Products http://sound.westhost.com/index2.html

Farnell http://www.farnell.com/

Fox Delta http://www.foxdelta.com/

G1MFG.com (ATV and more) http://www.g1mfg.com/index.html

Hammond Mfg http://www.hammondmfg.com/

Hy-Q International http://www.hy-q.com.au

IRH Components http://www.irh.com.au/index.htm

Jaycar http://www.jaycar.com.au/

Microwave Dynamics http://www.microwave-dynamics.com/

MicroZed Computers http://www.microzed.com.au/

Mini-Circuits http://www.minicircuits.com/

Mini-kits http://www.minikits.com.au/

Mouser Electronics http://www.mouser.com/

NEWTEK ELECTRONICS http://www.newtek.com.au/

Oatley electronics http://www.oatleyelectronics.com/

Ocean State Electronics http://www.oselectronics.com/

Ozitronics http://www.ozitronics.com/

pacific DATACOM http://www.pacificdatacom.com.au

Picaxe http://www.Picaxe.com.au

Prime Electronics http://www.prime-electronics.com.au/

Radio Parts http://www.radioparts.com.au/

R.C.S. Radio (circuit boards) http://www.rcsradio.com.au/

RF Modules Australia (ZigBee) http:\www.rfmodules.com.au

RFShop (Brisbane) http://www.rfshop.com.au/

Rockby Electronics and Computers http://www.rockby.com.au/

RS Components http://www.rsaustralia.com/

Semtronics http://www.semtronics.com.au/

Sicom http://www.sircom.co.nz

Silvertone Electronics http://www.silvertone.com.au/

South Island Component Centre (New Zealand) http://www.sicom.co.nz/

Surplus Sales of Nebraska http://www.surplussales.com/

Surplustronics (New Zealand) http://www.surplustronics.co.nz/

Tandy (Australia) http://www.tandy.com.au/

Teckics http://www.techniks.com/

TTS Systems http://www.ttssystems.com.au/

WB9ANQ’s Surplus Store http://www.qsl.net/wb9anq/

Wiltronics http://www.wiltronics.com.au/

Worldwide Electronic Components http:/www.iinet.net.au/~worcom

13cm.co.uk http://www.13cm.co.uk/

Also look at the ATV links

PCB layout and schematic programs baas electronics LAYo1 PCB http://www.baas.nl/layo1pcb/uk/index.html

Easytrax http://www.cia.com.au/rcsradio/

Electronics WORKBENCH http://www.ewbeurope.com/Franklin Industries http://www.franklin-industries.com/Eagle/starteagle.html McCAD http://www.mccad.com/ OrCAD http://www.orcad.com/downloads.aspx TARGET 3001! http://www.ibfriedrich.com/english/engl_vordownload.htm Tech5 http://www.tech5.nl/eda/pcblayout TinyCAD http://tinycad.sourceforge.net/ VEGO ABACOM http://www.vego.nl/abacom/download/download.htm

Amateur Satellites and space

AMSAT http://www.amsat.org/

AMSAT-DL http://www.amsat-dl.org/

AMSAT-ZL (kiwisat) http://www.amsat-zl.org.nz/

CSXT Civilian Space eXploration Team http://www.civilianspace.com/

electric-web.org http://www.electric-web.org

esa http://www.esa.int/esaCP

Heavens-above http://www.heavens-above.com/

ISS fan club http://www.issfanclub.com

SATSCAPEÂ Â Â (free satellite tracking program) http://www.satscape.co.uk/

Satellite tracking software http://perso.club-internet.fr/f1orl/index.html

Satsignal http://www.satsignal.net/

Space.com http://www.space.com/

UHF-Satcom.com http://www.uhf-satcom.com

Propagation

NOAA http://www.sec.noaa.gov/

IPS Radio and Space Services http://www.ips.gov.au/

ITS http://www.its.bldrdoc.gov/

Near-Real-Time MUF Map http://www.spacew.com/www/realtime.php

Radio Mobile (path prediction) http://www.cplus.org/rmw/english1.html

VK4ZU (Propagation) http://www.users.on.net/~trevorb/

Satellite TV

AV-COMM http://www.avcomm.com.au/

KANSAT http://www.kansat.com.au/

KRISTAL electronics http://www.kristal.com.au/index.html

Lyngsat http://lyngsat.com/

Nationwide Antenna Systems http://www.uq.net.au/~zznation/index.html

Satcure http://www.satcure.com/

SAT TV http://www.sattv.com.au/

Radio and Scanning

Australian

Brisbane Radio Scanner http://www.angelfire.com/id/samjohnson/

Extreme Worldwide Scanner Radio http://members.optushome.com.au/extremescan/scanning.html

Newcastle Area Radio Frequency Guide http://scanhunter.tripod.com/index.html

RADIO FREQUENCIES AND INFORMATION http://www.qsl.net/vk1zmc/information.html

New Zealand

Kiwi Radio http://kiwiradio.blakjak.net/

NZscanners http://www.nzscanners.org.nz/

Wellington Scanner Frequencies http://wsf2003.tripod.com/

ZLScanner http://homepages.paradise.net.nz/lovegrov/

ZL3TMB (Christchurch NZ) http://www.hamradio.co.nz/

International

Frequency guide http://www.panix.com/~clay/scanning/

Incident Broadcast Network (including Australian feeds) http://www.incidentbroadcast.com

Radio H.F.Â (some ham stuff) http://www3.sympatico.ca/radiohf/

RadioReference.com http://www.radioreference.com/index.php

Amateur Radio DX and Contest

DX Cluster

AA1V’s DX Info-Page http://www.goldtel.net/aa1v/

AC6V’s AR & DX Reference http://www.ac6v.com/

Australian contesting http://www.vkham.com/index.html

Buckmaster callsign database http://www.buck.com/cgi-bin/do_hamcall

DX Greyline http://www.fourmilab.ch/cgi-bin/uncgi/Earth/action?opt=-p

DX Summit http://oh2aq.kolumbus.com/dxs/

DX 425 News http://www.425dxn.org/

EHAM http://www.eham.net/

EI8IC Global Overlay Mapper http://www.mapability.com/ei8ic/

eQSL (electronic QSL) http://www.eqsl.cc/qslcard/

German DX Foundation-GDXF http://www.gdxf.de/

GlobalTuners (provides access to remotely controlled radio receivers all over the world) http://www.globaltuners.com/

Ham Atlas by SP6NVK http://www.hamatlas.eu/

Kiwi DX List http://groups.yahoo.com/group/kiwidxlist/

Oceania Amateur Radio DX Group Incorporated http://odxg.org/

Oceania DX Contest http://www.oceaniadxcontest.com/

QRZ.COM http://www.qrz.com/site.html

The AM Window http://www.amwindow.org/index.htm

The Daily DX http://www.dailydx.com

IARU QSL Bureaus http://www.iaru.org/iaruqsl.html

International DX Association http://www.indexa.org/

Internet Ham Atlas http://www.hamatlas.eu/

IOTA http://www.425dxn.org/iota/

IOTA groups and Reference http://www.logiciel.co.uk/iota/shtlist.html

IOTA RSGB http://rsgbiota.org

IOTA 425 http://www.425dxn.org/iota

Island Radio Expedition Fondation http://www.islandradio.org/

LA9HW HF Contest page http://home.online.no/~janalme/hammain.html

NG3K Contest/DX Page http://www.cpcug.org/user/wfeidt/

Northern California DX Foundation http://www.ncdxf.org

Simple phrases in European Languages http://web.onetel.com/~stephenseabrook/

SUMMITS on the AIR http://www.sota.org.uk/

Telnet Access to DX Packet Clusters http://cpcug.org/user/wfeidt/Misc/cluster.html

The DX Notebook http://www.dxer.org/

VE6OA’s DX Links http://www.compusmart.ab.ca/agirard/dxlinks.htmVK Contest Club http://www.vkcc.com

World of DK4KQ http://www.dl4kq.de/

XE1BEFÂ DX and links http://www.geocities.com/xe1bef/

Logging Software

VK Contest Log (VKCL) http://web.aanet.com.au/mnds/

VK/ZL Logger http://www.vklogger.com

WinRD+ logging program http://www.rjmb.net/rd/index.htm

Cluster

AR-Technology AB5K.net http://www.ab5k.net/Home.aspx

Clusse http://he.fi/clusse/

CLX Home page http://clx.muc.de/

DX CLUSTER programs http://pages.cthome.net/n1mm/html/English/DXClusters.htm

DXCluster http://www.dxcluster.org/

DXCluster.Info http://www.dxcluster.info/

DxNet http://www.dxnet.free.fr/

DX PacketCluster Sites on the Internet http://www.n4gn.com/cluster.html

DXSpider – DX cluster system is written in perl http://linux.maruhn.com/sec/dxspider.html

Packet Cluster user manual http://www.yccc.org/Resources/ysa/manual/

The DXSpider User Manual http://www.dxcluster.org/main/usermanual_en.html

VE7CC-1 Dx Spider Cluster http://www.ve7cc.net/

Short Wave DX

AUSTRALIAN RADIO DX CLUB http://www.ardxc.info/

Electronic DX Press (HF, MW and VHF) http://members.tripod.com/~bpadula/edxp.html

Contesting.com http://www.contesting.com/

CQ World Wide DX Contest http://www.cqww.com/

K6XX http://www.k6xx.com/

Longwave Club of America (also Ham) http://www.lwca.org

NIST time stations http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/stations/wwvb.htm

OK1RR DX & Contesting Page http://www.qsl.net/ok1rr/

Prime Time Shortwave http://www.primetimeshortwave.com/

Radio Interval Signals http://www.intervalsignals.org/

shortWWWave http://swww.dwerryhouse.com.au/

SM3CER Contest Service http://www.sk3bg.se/contest/index.htm

The British DX Club http://www.bdxc.org.uk/

Yankee Clipper Contest Club http://www.yccc.org/

Radio Scouting

Scouts Australia JOTA/JOTI http://www.international.scouts.com.au/main.asp?iMenuID=9071085

The history of the Jamboree On The Air http://home.tiscali.nl/worldscout/Jota/jota history.htm

World Organization of the Scout Movement http://www.scout.org/jota/

Australian Regulator

ACMA http://www.acma.gov.au/

International Regulator

ITU http://www.itu.int/home/index.html

Electronic Information and technical reference

AC6V’s Technical Reference http://www.ac6v.com/techref.htm

Chip directory http://www.embeddedlinks.com/chipdir/abc/s.htm#simm

Circuit Sage http://www.circuitsage.com/

CommLinx Solutions Pty Ltd http://www.commlinx.com.au/default.htm

Computer Power Supply Mods http://www.qsl.net/vk4ba/projects/index.html

Discover Circuits http://www.discovercircuits.com/

Electronic Information http://www.beyondlogic.org/

Electronics Links and Resources http://yallara.cs.rmit.edu.au/~pleelave/electronics1.html

Epanorama (lots of links) http://www.epanorama.net/

Electronics Tutorials http://www.electronics-tutorials.com/

Electronic Theory http://www.electronicstheory.com/

Fox Delta http://www.foxdelta.com/

GREG’S DOWNLOAD PAGE http://www.rfcascade.com/index.html

Hobby Projects (electronic resource) http://www.hobbyprojects.com/tutorial.html

Hittite http://www.hittite.com

Information site http://www.epanorama.net/

ISO Date / Time http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/iso.htm

Latitude/Longitude Conversion utility – 3 formats http://www.directionsmag.com/latlong.php

New Wave Instruments (check out SS Resources) http://www.newwaveinstruments.com/index.htm

Paul Falstad (how electronic circuits work) http://www.falstad.com/circuit/

PINOUTS.RU (Handbook of hardware pinouts) http://pinouts.ru/

PUFF http://www.cco.caltech.edu/~mmic/puffindex/puffE/puffE.htm

RadioReference http://www.radioreference.com/

RF Cafe http://www.rfcafe.com/

RF Globalnet http://www.rfglobalnet.com

RHR Laboratories http://www.rhrlaboratories.com/#Software

rfshop http://www.rfshop.com.au/page7.htm

RS232 Connections, and wiring up serial devices http://www.airborn.com.au/rs232.html

RF Power Table

Science Lobby (electronic links) http://www.sciencelobby.com/

Tech FAQ http://www.tech-faq.com/

The12volt.com (technical information for mobile electronics installers) http://www.the12volt.com/

Electronic service

Repair of TV Sets http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/tvfaq.htm

Sci.Electrinic.Repair FAQ http://www.repairfaq.org/sam/tvfaq.htm

Service engineers Forum http://www.e-repair.co.uk/index.htm

Cable Data

Andrews http://www.andrew.com/default.aspx

Belden http://www.belden.com/

CO-AX CABLE DATA http://www.electric-web.org/coax.htm

Coaxial cable data http://www.qsl.net/kc6uut/coax.html

Coaxial Cable Page http://www.cdi2.com/build_it/coaxloss.htm

HB9ABX http://home.datacomm.ch/hb9abx/coaxdat.htm

HB9HD http://www.hb9hd.ch/PDF/coaxcable.pdf

KC6UUT http://www.qsl.net/kc6uut/coax.html

NESS Engineering http://www.nessengr.com/techdata/coaxdata.html

RF Industries cables http://www.rfindustries.com.au/rfiproducts/cablesConnectors/coaxialCables.htm

THERFC http://www.therfc.com/coax.htm

Times Microwave http://www.timesmicrowave.com/

VK3KHB http://www.gak.net.au/vk3khb/atv/coaxchrt.html

W4ZT http://w4zt.com/coax.html

X.net Antenna cable chart http://www.x.net.au/antenna_cable.html

50 W Coaxial Cable Information http://www.dma.org/~millersg/coax50.html

75 W Coaxial Cable Information http://www.dma.org/~millersg/coax75.html

Antique Radio

Antique Electronic Supply http://www.tubesandmore.com/

Alan Lord http://www.dundeecoll.ac.uk/sections/cs/staff/al_radio/

Antique Radio http://antiqueradios.com/

Apex Jr http://www.apexjr.com/

Archives of Boatanchors http://www.tempe.gov/archives/boatanchors.html

Australian Vintage Radio MK II http://www.southcom.com.au/~pauledgr/

Australian Wireless (OZ-Wireless) Email List http://www.clarion.org.au/wireless/

AWA and Fisk Radiola http://203.44.53.131/Radiola/AWA1b.htm

Crystal Radio http://www.crystalradio.net/

Glowbugs http://www.mines.uidaho.edu/~glowbugs/

Hammond Museum of Radio http://www.hammondmuseumofradio.org/

Historical Radio Society of Australia Inc. http://www.hrsa.asn.au/

JMH’s Virtual Valve Museum http://www.tubecollector.org/numbers.htm

John Rose’s Vintage Radio Home http://personal.nbnet.nb.ca/jrose/radios/radiomain.htm

Klausmobile Russian Tube Directory http://klausmobile.narod.ru/td/indexe.htm

KK7TV http://www.kk7tv.com/kk7tv.html

Kurrajong Radio Museum http://www.vk2bv.org/museum/

Links to Vintage Radios (Amateur) http://www.qsl.net/ka4pnv/vrlinks.htm

Mike’s Electric Stuff http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~wwl/electric.html

Nostalgiar Air http://www.nostalgiaair.org/

Phil’s Old Radios http://antiqueradio.org/

Radio A’s Vintage Radio Page http://www.mnsi.net/~radioa/radioa.htm

Radio Era http://www.radioera.com/

Rap ‘n Tap http://www.midnightscience.com/rapntap/

Replacing Capacitors http://antiqueradio.org/recap.htm

Savoy Hill Publications http://www.valvesunlimited.demon.co.uk/Noframes/savoy_hill_publications.htm

South East Qld Group of the HRSA http://seqg.tripod.com

SEQG of the HRSA Crystal comp http://www.clarion.org.au/crystalset/

SEQG One Tube Radio comp http://seqg.tripod.com/onetube/onetube.html

TEARA’S VINTAGE RADIO LINK PAGE http://www.ipass.net/~teara/vin.html

The Vintage Radio Emporium http://www.vintageradio.info/

The Wireless Works http://www.wirelessworks.co.uk/

Triode Tube Data http://www.triodeel.com/tubedata.htm TubesworldÂ (Valve Audio and Valve data) http://www.tubesworld.com/

Vintage Radio http://www.vintage-radio.com/index.shtml

Vintage Radio Times http://www.vintageradiotimes.com/Page_1x.html

Vintage Radios and programs http://www.compusmart.ab.ca/agirard/VINTAGE.HTM

Vintage Radios UK http://www.valve.demon.co.uk/

Vintage Radio and Test Equipment Site http://www.geocities.com/eb5agv/

Vintage Radio World http://www.burdaleclose.freeserve.co.uk/

Vintage Radio and Audio Pages http://www.mcallister.simplenet.com/

VMARS http://www.vmars.org.uk/

W7FG VINTAGE MANUALS CATALOGUE http://www.w7fg.com/index.html

Ye Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio http://ei5em.110mb.com/museum.html

Valve Audio and Valve data Ake’e Tube Data http://w1.871.telia.com/~u87127076/index.htm CVC http://www.chelmervalve.com/index.html

Data Sheet Locator http://www.duncanamps.co.uk/cgi-bin/tdsl3.exe/

Eimac http://www.cpii.com/eimac/index.html

Frank’s Electron tube Pages http://home.wxs.nl/~frank.philipse/frank/frank.html

HammondÂ Manufacturing http://www.hammondmfg.com/

House of Tubes http://www.house-of-tubes.com/home/Library.asp

High Voltage Tube Archive http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/electrical/tesla/tubes/

Kiewavly http://home.mira.net/~kiewavly/audio1.html

Industrial Valve Data http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~wwl/data.html

Machmat http://www.machmat.com/

NJ7P Tube Data Search http://hereford.ampr.org/cgi-bin/tube?index=1

RCA-R10 Data http://www.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/~reese/RC10/

SAS Audio Labs http://www.sasaudiolabs.com/

Sowter Audio Transformers http://www.sowter.co.uk/

Spice Valves http://www.duncanamps.com/spicevalves.html

Tubetec http://www.tubetec.freeserve.co.uk/

TUBEWORLD INC. http://www.tubeworld.com/

Tube datasheets http://www.wps.com/archives/tube-datasheets/index.html

Vacuum Tube Links http://www.michelletroutman.com/tubes.htm

Valves and Tubes http://www.euramcom.freeserve.co.uk/tubes.html

Valve Data Links http://www.thevalvepage.com/links/valvdata.htm

Valve Data http://www.arrakis.es/~igapop/referenc.htm

Valves Unlimited http://www.valvesunlimited.demon.co.uk/Noframes/links.htm

Valve and Tube Supplies http://www.valves.uk.com/

Valveamps.com http://www.valveamps.com/

Audio

Audio Calculators and Links http://www.audioscientific.com/Audio Calculators & References Links.htm

BKC GROUP http://www.bkcgroup.fsnet.co.uk/

Car Audio Australia http://www.caraudioaustralia.com/

DIY Audio http://www.diyaudio.com/

Duncan’s Amp Pages http://www.duncanamps.com/

Elliott Sound Products http://sound.westhost.com/audiolink.htm

GM ARTS http://users.chariot.net.au/~gmarts/

Norman Koren http://www.normankoren.com/Audio/

Rane http://www.rane.com/

The Self Site http://www.dself.demon.co.uk/

The Class-A Amplifier Site http://www.gmweb.btinternet.co.uk/

Magazines

DUBUS (VHF magazine) http://www.dubus.org/

Elektor Electronics http://www.elektor-electronics.co.uk/

Harlan Technologies (Amateur Television Quarterly) http://www.hampubs.com/

Radio & Communications Monitoring Monthly http://www.monitoringmonthly.co.uk/

SILICON CHIP http://www.siliconchip.com.au/

VHF Communications Mag http://www.vhfcomm.co.uk/

SETI

SETI http://www.setileague.org/homepg.htm

SETI Australia http://www.seti.org.au/

D-Star IC2820 VK5 ICF – updated

Posted by :Derek On : September 6, 2009

Category: Amateur Radio

Tags:Amateur Radio, AREG, frequency, Pin, Radio, vk5tcp, web

I recently downloaded the IC2820 V19a channel mapping for the ICOM 2820 from IC2820_VK5RWN_C_V19a.icf.

After uploading the file to the radio I discovered that many of the simplex channels I previously used on my IC2820 were now gone (not surprising). Lucky I copied the original radio config to a new .icf file before I uploaded the new one.

One frustrating thing I did discovered with the 2820 cloning software is that the EXPORT function appears to only export the stations heard by the radio to CSV and no the full radio configuration. A full copy of the config can only be stored in the native .icf file format, which is full of numbers (looks like memory contents). So manually editing the config file was out of the question.

eg.

00001008C2169C000927C0564B32524453414C
001010564B3552574E2043564B3552574E2047
0020107220208101090000564B325244532041
00301008C2169C000927C0564B32524453434C

For those who have played with the software (CS-2820), you may have noticed that you can only spawn one instance. So copying the frequencies from my old config to the new config (the above link plus my original mapping) was not going to be as easy as I thought i.e export both and combine in notepad or excel.

I discovered that it is possible to highlight and copy multiple lines in the channel map (only in the application copy buffer, not in the windows clipboard – can’t copy it to excel or notepad). Once you have copied the lines you want from the original config select ‘File – Open’ from the menu and open the new config (in my case the above file – renamed). If the application has not been closed it is possible to place the cursor where you want to add the channels from the old config and select paste (control v) and the copied rows will then be placed into the new config.

I originally based my simplex frequencies (2m and 70cm) on the AREG frequencies in the modified ham Motorola Syntrx radios located on the AREG website.

	VK5 – 2M Syntrx Frequency Plan – Issued 22/11/2005
	VK5 – 70cm Syntrx Frequency Plan – Issued 22/11/2005

The new updated file containing the new D-Star mapping, supplemented by my slightly modified AREG simplex channels can be located here.

IC2820_VK5TCP_C_V1

Here is a screen print.

CS-2820 copy screen print

This is the .icf file converted to a .xls (csv to xls – from excel). The conversion can be done with CHIRP.

The Freq and channel file: 2820h

I hope this information helps someone.

Nmap Examples

Posted by :Derek On : September 2, 2009

Category: Infrastructure, Internet

Tags:data, DES, DNS, EFT, Hidden, Internet, ISP, network, Pin, RSA, security, server, text, type, web

Some Nmap examples I thought I would post.

Scanning past Watchguard Firewalls: nmap -sS -iL targetlist.txt -P0 -sV -T4

Verbose Scan: nmap -v

This option scans all reserved TCP ports on the target machine. The -v option enables verbose mode.

nmap -sS -O /24

Launches a stealth SYN scan against each machine that is up out of the 256 IPs on â€œclass Câ€ sized network where Scanme resides. It also tries to determine what operating system is running on each host that is up and running. This requires root privileges because of the SYN scan and OS detection.

nmap -sV -p 22,53,110,143,4564 198.116.0-255.1-127

Launches host enumeration and a TCP scan at the first half of each of the 255 possible eight-bit subnets in the 198.116 class B address space. This tests whether the systems run SSH, DNS, POP3, or IMAP on their standard ports, or anything on port 4564. For any of these ports found open, version detection is used to determine what application is running.

nmap -v -iR 100000 -PN -p 80

Asks Nmap to choose 100,000 hosts at random and scan them for web servers (port 80). Host enumeration is disabled with -PN since first sending a couple probes to determine whether a host is up is wasteful when you are only probing one port on each target host anyway.

nmap -PN -p80 -oX logs/pb-port80scan.xml -oG logs/pb-port80scan.gnmap 216.163.128.20/20

This scans 4096 IPs for any web servers (without pinging them) and saves the output in grepable and XML formats.

Instead of limiting ourselves to scanning just one target., let’s broaden our horizon’s to bigger and better things. In example 2 we used our IP address to base a scan against. Using that address again we can get a look at numerous targets in our “community”. At the command line type the following (substituting a valid address of your choice of course):

nmap -sT -O 206.212.15.0-50

What this does is instruct nmap to scan every host between the IP addresses of 206.212.15.0 and 206.212.15.50. If you happen to find many interesting feedback results from this or a larger scale scan then you can always pipe the output into your choice of a human readable file or a machine parsable file for future reference by issuing the following option:

To create a human readable output file issue the -oN command into your nmap string so that it would look similar to this:

nmap -sT -O -oN sample.txt 206.212.15.0-50

Rather have a machine parsable file? Enter the -oM to pipe the output into a machine parsable file:

nmap -sT -O -oM sample.txt 206.212.15.0-50

*Back when I was becoming aquatinted with all the nmap options, I ran my first large scale scan against 250 consecutive machines using an arbitrary number (nmap -sX -O -oN sample.txt XXX.XXX.XXX.0-250).To my great surprise I was confronted with 250 up and running virgin Linux machines. Another reason why Linux enthusiasts should NEVER become bored.

-I This is a handy little call that activates nmap’s TCP reverse ident scanning option. This divulges information that gives the username that owns available processes. Let’s take a look (Note that the host has to be running ident). At the command line issue this command against your target, in this case our default Eve running Linux:

-iR Use this command to instruct nmap to scan random hosts for you.

-p Port range option allows you to pick what port or ports you wish nmap to scan against.

-v Use verbosity to display more output data. Use twice (-v -v) for maximum verbosity.

-h Displays a quick reference of nmap’s calls

Now that we have looked at nmap’s three basic usage types and some of it’s other options, let’s mix and match them.

nmap -v -v -sS -O 209.212.53.50-100

This instructs nmap to use a maximum amount of verbosity to run a stealth scan and OS detection against all machines between IP addresses 209.212.53.50 and 209.212.53.100. This command will also require root privileges due to both the -sS and -O calls. Of course this will display a very overwhelming amount of data so let’s log our results into a human readable file for future reference:

nmap -v -v -sS -O -oN sample.txt 209.212.53.50-100

Now let’s make nmap run a stealth scan and instruct it to look only for machines offering http and ftp services between the addresses of 209.212.53.50 and 209.212.53.100. Once again we will log the output (I’m a log junkie) for future reference into a human readable file called ftphttpscan.txt:

nmap -sS -p 23,80 -oN ftphttpscan.txt 209.212.53.50-100

Remember the -iR option mentioned previously? Let’s use it to take a random sampling of Internet web servers using the verbatim example from nmap’s man page:

nmap -sS -iR -p 80

Last but certainly not least, while gleaning information, don’t forget to nmap yourself. Just type at the command line: nmap 127.0.0.1 This is especially useful and recommended if you’re a newcomer to Linux and connected to the Internet via DSL or cable modem.

Detect promiscuous network devices or sniffers on a network

Old versions nmap –script=promiscuous 10.0.1.0/24

New Versions nmap -sV –script=sniffer-detect 10.0.1.0/24

Scanning past WatchguardÂ Firewalls

How To Hijack Fast Food Drive-Thru Frequencies

Posted by :Derek On : August 16, 2009

Category: Radio General, Security

Tags:access, antenna, broadcast, circuit, DES, difference, Digital, EFT, Electronic, frequency, hack, ISP, Mall, Material, phone, Pin, Radio, Restaurant, script, security, type, web

This is an article I found on the Phone Losers site I thought I would copy here so I can give it a go at some stage.

How To Hijack Fast Food Drive-Thru Frequencies

A few years back, some friends and I were messing around with a Taco Bellâ€™s drive-thru frequencies. RijilV and isotek showed me how easy it was to hijack the frequencies of just about any fast food restaurant with a very simple mod to a ham radio. The radios they used were Yaesu VX-5 and VX-7 models. We had a few weeks of occasional fun, sitting a few parking lots away and saying all kinds of horrible things to potential fast food customers. For the most part, I didnâ€™t record any of it. But you can find a few clips of our fast food hijinks if you scroll down on the PLA Sound Clips Archive page.

Finally we decided to capture a bit of our FCC violations on video. But instead of capturing actual customers being harassed by us as they placed an order, I drove through the Taco Bell drive-thru myself with a video camera sitting on the dashboard. As I attempted to place my order, RijilV informed me of some crazy new Taco Bell policies and a manager immediately rushed out to explain to me that I wasnâ€™t actually talking to an employee. Here is that video:

After spending several years on Google Video and YouTube, itâ€™s been watched approximately 20,000 times. And of those 20,000 people who have viewed it, approximately all of them have emailed me and asked me what kind of radio we used and how can they use a radio to do the same thing. So in the spirit of April 1st and in order to quell the number of emails sent to me and posts on the PLA Forums asking the same thing, Iâ€™ve decided to write this tutorial to help those people out.

But Iâ€™m not going to explain how to modify a Yaesu VX5 or a Yaesu VX7. A simple Google search will show you how to modify these ham radios. The problem with these mods is that, even though theyâ€™re fairly simple, you have to buy the radios which could cost you anywhere from $200 – $400. Then, after removing a couple solder points, you have to learn how to use it, you have to look up fast food frequency lists, you have to understand the difference between the transmit frequencies and the receive frequencies and you have to scroll through PL tones using trial and error to find the correct one.

Or how about we do this a different way. A way that uses a couple items that you might already have in your home. You can easily modify most old CB radios in a way that will allow them to transmit directly to drive-thru frequencies. You wonâ€™t have to scroll through hundreds of possible drive-thru frequencies, because a CB radioâ€™s channels line up in exactly the same way as most drive-thruâ€™s channels, only at a higher frequency. How do you get your CB radio to run at a higher frequency? A simple replacement of the crystal inside, with a 6.5536 MHz crystal. This triples the megahertz that are broadcast on and there is no learning required. You just take the modified CB radio to a fast food restaurant and start broadcasting to the customers.

â€œBut RBCP, I donâ€™t have a 6.5536 MHz crystal lying around my house,â€ you might be whining at this point. But this isnâ€™t true. Just about any house has several 6.5536 MHz crystals in them if you know where to look. This just happens to be the exact same crystal that you can find in electric heaters, hair dryers, electric stoves, curling irons, electric hot water heaters, irons, and toasters. These crystals are in just about any item that has heated coils and are used to control the frequency of the heating elements so that they donâ€™t burn your house down.

So for this modification you needâ€¦

1 CB radio. It has to be a 40 channel CB radio with a digital display, which includes just about any CB radio manufactured after the mid 1980â€™s. The old 23 channel CBs from the 1970â€™s will not work. It can even be a walkie talkie CB radio. If you donâ€™t have one, you can find one at Goodwill or a yard sale for probably less than $10.

1 toaster. (Or other item with heating elements inside.) A toaster is the most ideal to use, because itâ€™s almost guaranteed to have the crystal inside of it. Itâ€™s more common to find curling irons and hair dryers that donâ€™t. Again, it should be a toaster manufactured within the past 20 years or so. Before that they didnâ€™t have crystal requirements for toaster manufacturers. (And incidentally, there were a lot more electrical house fires back then.) Goodwill will probably have a toaster for less than $10.

1 soldering iron and solder. Donâ€™t worry if you donâ€™t have soldering experience. Itâ€™s actually pretty easy. Click here for a soldering tutorial. You can purchase a soldering iron at Radio Shack or Sears for about $10.

A few screwdrivers

Even if you have to buy all these materials, youâ€™re only out $30. Thatâ€™s a lot better than the $300 you might end up spending on a Yaesu radio. And some of you might already have all these items so you donâ€™t have to pay anything. Ask a friend or a relative if theyâ€™ve got an old toaster or CB radio lying around that they donâ€™t need.

First youâ€™ll want to take apart your toaster. This isnâ€™t too hard. Just flip it upside down and start removing the screws. Youâ€™ll probably need to pull off the plastic lever and knobs before you remove the top of the toaster. Once you have the top off, youâ€™ll see a green or brown circuit board inside.

Flip the circuit board down and youâ€™ll see all the components on the other side, including the 6.5536 MHz crystal. The crystal is silver and will have 6.5 stamped on the side of it. In the picture below, Iâ€™ve used an arrow to show you where itâ€™s located.

The crystal is likely in a different spot in other toasters, but itâ€™s hard to mistake for any other electronic component. The crystal will have some form of 6.5 stamped on the side of it. In my toaster, it showed 6.55-12. While the official frequency needed is 6.5536 MHz, anything within 1.6 megahertz will work. So donâ€™t worry if your crystal just says 6.5 or 6.50 – itâ€™s all the same for our purposes.

Itâ€™s kind of hard to see what Iâ€™m doing in the picture above, but Iâ€™m heating up the leads on the crystal from underneath with my soldering iron to melt the solder, and Iâ€™m pulling on the crystal from above with a pair of needle nose pliers. It only takes a few seconds to get the crystal out of the toaster.

Now that the crystal is out of your toaster, throw your toaster away! Do not attempt to use it once the crystal is removed. Remember, the crystal is in there for safety and using your toaster without the crystal could burn your toast and/or start a kitchen fire. Itâ€™s likely your toaster wonâ€™t even turn on with the missing crystal, but please donâ€™t even try. Just throw it away.

As I mentioned before, just about any brand and model of CB radio will work, as long as it has the digital display on it. Which means, just about any CB radio manufactured after the mid 1980â€™s. These are the kinds of CB radios whose frequencies are controlled by a single crystal inside of them. For my mod, I used a Radio Shack TRC-207 walkie talkie CB radio, which is pictured above. I prefer using a walkie talkie CB radio because it doesnâ€™t requiring sticking a huge CB antenna on the roof of my car which might be noticed if a fast food employee starts looking around the parking lot for the culprits.

Taking apart your CB radio is just as easy as taking apart the toaster. Remove the screws and pop it open. You may or may not have to lift up the circuit board inside to find the crystal inside. In my particular model, the crystal actually plugged into a socket so I didnâ€™t need to even desolder the old crystal. I just pulled it out with my fingers and then plugged in the new 6.55 MHz crystal. I donâ€™t know how common this is, because in other CB radios that Iâ€™ve modified the crystal was soldered to the circuit board, just like in the toaster.

Put your CB back together and test it to make sure itâ€™s working. Youâ€™re finished! Obviously, you wonâ€™t be able to talk on normal CB channels anymore since your CB is transmitting and receiving at a much higher frequency now. But who cares, CB channels are lame anyway. Letâ€™s hop in the car and drive to our nearest fast food establishment to test it out.

Sit near the drive-thru and wait for a customer to pull up. While the customer is talking to the drive-thru speaker, start flipping through your channels until you hear them talking. Iâ€™ve found that most drive thrus end up being somewhere in the 16 – 25 channel range. Iâ€™ve never found one above channel 30 and only a few on channels 1 through 15. It all depends on how their drive-thru is set up and what frequencies theyâ€™re using. Anyway, push down your talk button and start talking to the customer.

The cool thing about using a CB radio to transmit on drive-thru frequencies is that a CB is designed to work for several miles. The headsets that those fast food people wear are only designed to work for about 100 feet. So you can easily overpower the employees, even if youâ€™re several parking lots away. In fact, you may be inadvertently screwing with several other drive-thrus in town without even knowing it. This is more likely when youâ€™re using the kind of CB radio thatâ€™s supposed to be installed in a car. Those usually run on 5 watts and can cover an entire city. This is another reason I like to use my walkie talkie. Itâ€™s lucky if it will work for even a mile, so Iâ€™m only harassing one restaurant at a time.

If you found this tutorial useful, you might also enjoy the video Iâ€™ve made on the same subject. It includes much of the same information in this tutorial, but also includes actual footage of us messing with a drive-thru with this CB mod. Enjoy!

You might also enjoy our original Taco Bell Takeover video, our Happy Birthday drive-thru video and our Drive-Thru Shenanigans video.

PLA TV: Hijacking Fast Food Frequencies [9:12m]: Download (4913)

Local Copy

The EDinburgh Great Shiraz Challenge

Posted by :Derek On : July 5, 2009

Kerry and I went along to the EDinburgh Cellars Great Shiraz Challenge.

Between Kerry and I we tasted more than 25 great wines over a harrowing 2.5 hours of hustle and bustle in a huge tent in the ED’s carpark. It was great, we both thought that it was well worth the $30/head entry fee.

One of the great things was the amount of large and small wine companies presenting their spoils. Refreshingly many of the tasting areas were manned by the wine maker, winery owner or someone of similar stature. This made for great conversations and allowed us to find other great non-mainstream wineries on the day.

As Kerry (Wine group – 9yrs) and I (Corporate) both worked for SouthCorp (Prior to Fosters), we agreed that we would be looking for the special wines of the day. Well we did grab an RWT on the way out as the last tasting for the day – we are not stupid.

We had a great day overall and purchased and ordered some great wins at the Cellars after the event.

It was great catching up with Barb and Karel from Lengs and Cooter Wines and taste some of their great wines. Barb used to work at SouthCorp for many years and Karl worked at Telstra, but Kerry and I agree that they make great wines.

Of the wines in the winning list below our favourites are:

2006 Woodstock “The Stocks” Shiraz

2004 Bullers Caliope Shiraz

2006 Hentley Farm “The Beast” Shiraz

2005 d’Arenberg Dead Arm Shiraz

2006 Glaetzer ‘Bishop’ Shiraz

Other top votes from us for the day are:

2008 Mike Press Adelaide Hills Shiraz (It’s been a long time since we’ve tasted such a good cheap wine)

2007 Honey MoonVineyard Adelaide Hills Shiraz

2004 Lengs & Cooter Old Vines Shiraz

2004 Lengs & Cooter Reserve Shiraz

2005 Artful Dodger Barossa Shiraz

2007 Veronique Regions Shiraz

2006 Cape Jaffa La Lune Biodynamic Shiraz

2006 Ceravolo Sparkling Shiraz

2007 Yelland & Papps Greenock Shiraz

Results – Shiraz Challenge

Shiraz Day 2008 was a massive hit, with a record crowd of over 900 slurping through a field of just over 300 Shiraz. As always, we ask attendees to vote for their favourite wine of the day, and congratulations goes to Clarendon Hills for their superbly compelling 2006 Liandra Shiraz. Hereâ€™s the full list of the Top 20:

2006 Clarendon Hills Liandra Syrah

2005 Torbreck Factor Shiraz

2005 Langmeil Freedom 1843 Shiraz

2006 Hentley Farm ‘The Beast’ Shiraz

2005 Whistler Reserve Shiraz

2006 Penfolds RWT Shiraz

2005 Wild Witch Shiraz

2005 d’Arenberg Dead Arm Shiraz

2005 Dutschke St Jakobi Shiraz

2006 Woodstock ‘The Stocks’ Shiraz

2006 Brick Kiln Shiraz

2004 Bullers Caliope Shiraz

2006 Hentley Farm ‘The Beauty’

2005 Pikes ‘The E.W.P’ Shiraz

2004 Paracombe Somerville Shiraz

2006 Kalleske Greenock Shiraz

2005 Bendbrook Goat Track Shiraz

2004 Penfolds St Henri Shiraz

2004 Bethany Wines GR9 Reserve

2005 Paxton EJ Shiraz

TOP 20 UNDER $30:

2005 Tin Shed Melting Pot Shiraz

2004 Carlei Estate ‘Green Vineyard’

2004 Majella Shiraz

2007 Torbreck Woodcutters Shiraz

2005 Hugo Shiraz

2006 Tar & Roses Shiraz

2004 Whistler Shiraz

2005 2 Mates Shiraz McLaren Vale

2005 d’Arenberg Footbolt Shiraz

2006 Mitolo Jester Shiraz

2006 Guichen Bay Vineyards Reserve

2006 Pirathon Shiraz by Kalleske

2006 Scarpantoni Block 3 Shiraz

2006 Naked Run Barossa Shiraz

2006 Bird in Hand Shiraz

2006 O’Leary Walker Shiraz

2006 Glaetzer ‘Bishop’ Shiraz

2007 Paxton Quandong Shiraz

2006 Trevor Jones ‘Boots’ Shiraz

2005 Dutschke Gods Hill Road Shiraz

d’Arenberg

Trojan software has been found in ATMs located in Eastern Europe

Posted by :Derek On : June 25, 2009

Category: Banking & EFTPoS, Internet, Security

Tags:access, ATM, Banking and EFTPoS, Card, Credit, DES, encryption, hack, Hacking, Mall, Pin, security, Shiraz

This is Great, I want one of these cards and a list of ATM’s.

http://www.sophos.com/blogs/gc/g/2009/03/18/details-diebold-atm-trojan-horse-case/

http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/17/trojan_targets_diebold_atms/

From the Security Now Podcast http://www.grc.com/sn/sn-200.htm

Steve: It’s like, oh, goodness, yeah. It’s quite something. So the big news, though, I just sort of had to kind of smile because I told all of our listeners this was going to happen. I said just wait, this is a bad idea, we’re going to see how bad it is. Trojans have – Trojan software has been found in ATMs located in Eastern Europe.

Leo: Oh. Oh.

Steve: From many different vendors.

Leo: Oh, dear.

Steve: But what one thing do all of the trojan-infected ATMs have in common, Leo?

Leo: Let me guess.

Steve: Mm-hmm.

Leo: Windows?

Steve: Windows XP.

Leo: Ai yi yi.

Steve: The LSASS service is the manager of protected content in the system. It’s not quite the right acronym. I can’t think of what it is right now. But it’s like the main security service. And fake ones have been found in the Windows directory. The LSASS EXE normally lives in the Windows System32 directory. They were written in Borland’s Delphi.

Leo: You’re kidding.

Steve: No.

Leo: Well, that’s kind of sophisticated for a hacker. Wow.

Steve: And it’s considered, I mean, it’s commercial-grade code. It’s good code.

Leo: Oh, boy.

Steve: These are not remote installation Trojans. It’s believed that somebody had to have access to the machines.

Leo: Oh, even worse.

Steve: But they have special credit cards. When they swipe the special credit card in the infected machine, it accesses the trojan software, which among other things allows them to dump out all the cash from the machine. But in the meantime it’s logging all of the users’ information and PINs, which it’s able to dump out encrypted with DES encryption from the printer, from the ATM printer in the front of the machine.

Leo: Wow.

Steve: So the – and anyway, so it’s interesting to me. Again, it’s, you know, people defended the idea of implementing these things that I contend should never have been written in Windows. They say, well, but it’s easier to write them. And it’s like, yes.

DUKPT Overview and Transaction notes

Posted by :Derek On : June 22, 2009

Category: Banking & EFTPoS, Security

Tags:bank, Banking and EFTPoS, Cambodia, Card, data, decrypt, decryption, DES, DUKPT, EFT, EFTPoS, encapsulation, encryption, environment, financial transaction, Guide, hardware, HSM, Material, Merchant, Pin, processing, reporting, security, server, Shiraz, SLA, text, transaction, type

Hi,

I was asked on another post relating to DUKPT to provide some backgound. Given I have lots of material on the subject, I thought I would create this thread. Link

I will come back at some stage and expand on this when I get time.

Transaction Process narrative:

The diagram describes a mobile terminal/ATM is described using the a AS2805 (‘2805’) message type and 3DES DUKPT and dual direction auth SSL from the terminal to the aquirer (transaction switch).

A good explanation of DUKPT can also be found at Wikipedia.

Diagram of the flow

DUKPT transaction flow - terminal to bank

Background notes:

The terminal or ATM firstly encrypts the user entered pin (may be a unique DUKPT key or static, depending on the design and banks involved) prior to incorporating it into the AS 2805 transaction message.
the message is then encrypted again using the DUKPT key which has been established through the merchant logon process within the aquirer Host Security Module (HSM) i.e. the user entered pin is encrypted separately and encapsulated within the DUKPT encrypted 2805 message to provide full message encryption.
In the diagram a separate dual authenticating SSL session is also used between the terminal/ATM and the aquirers infrastructure. This allowing the transaction including the pin to traverse the external Wired/GPRS/LAN within 2 primary independent layers of encryption, with a 3^rd protecting the PIN.
When the transaction enters the aquirer environment the message encapsulation layer provided by SSL is removed.Â This leaving the DUKPTâ€™ed 2805 message which also encapsulates the separately encrypted PIN.
This encrypted message is passed to the aquirer switch engine through to the aquirer’s HSM for decryption of the 2805 message excluding the user entered pin.
This is when transactional information necessary for aquirerâ€™s merchant reporting (truncated card number, transaction amount, transaction type, etc.) and fraud management data is collected.
The aquirer switch then passes the encrypted PIN to the aquirer HSM requesting that the PIN be decrypted using the aquirer’s PIN encryption and translated to the next banks (Bank 1)Â PIN Encryption Key (Pin translation only occurs within the aquirer HSM) This is then sent back to the aquirer Switch engine as the Bank 1 encrypted PIN.
The aquirer switch engine then send the decrypted 2805 message with the newly encrypted PIN back to aquirer HSM to be encrypted with the Bank 1 MAC key.
The resultant Bank 1 key encrypted message is then sent to Bank 1 for processing and/or passing to the card issuer (using a similar process as described above).
When the result is received back from the issuing bank it is encrypted with the Bank 1 MAC key (the pin will not be present in the result message).
This is then decrypted by the aquirer HSM, the transaction fate result stored into the aquirer merchant reporting system and the transaction fate re-encrypted with the original aquirer DUKPT key (should be different per terminal/merchant instance) and the result sent back to the terminal through the original established SSL encrypted terminal connection.

The aquirer may terminate the the SSL connection on a hardware device such as a CISCO Content Service Switch (CSS), or equivalent instead of the design described in the diagram which terminates onto a SSL session server/gateway (Possibly including a Certificate Authority) or on the aquirer transaction switch.

When PIN blocks are received by the aquirer processing centre, the PIN encryption is translated from the terminal key to the Local Master Key (LMK) by the Host Security Modules (HSM).

When the message is sent on the upstream bank interchange link to the issuer or gateway , the aquirer HSM translates the encrypted PIN block from the LMK to the Zone Master Key (ZMK) of the aquirer interchange link. The PIN block is always encrypted using DEA3 (3DES) whenever outside of the Terminal or ATM.

HSM-8000-User Guide V2.2

Secure Application Development links

Posted by :Derek On : October 14, 2008

Hi,

I have been putting some secure application development documents together recently and have found some good general tutorials and guidelines which I thought I would post here.

Best Practices

The Ten Most Critical Web Application Security Vulnerabilities, 2004 Update, The Open Web Application Security Project. URL: http://www.owasp.org/documentation/topten
A Guide to Building Secure Web Applications, The Open Web Application Security Project. URL: http://www.owasp.org/documentation/guide
Improving Web Application Security: Threats and Countermeasures, Microsoft MSDN. URL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/enus/dnnetsec/html/ThreatCounter.asp
Authentication in ASP.NET: .NET Security Guidance, Microsoft MSDN. URL: http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp?url=/library/enus/dnbda/html/authaspdotnet.asp
Session Fixation Vulnerability in Web-Based Applications, ACROS Security. http://www.acros.si/papers/session_fixation.pdf
Writing Secure Code, Michael Howard and David LeBlanc, Microsoft Press.
Threat Modelling, Window Snyder, Microsoft Press.
10 Things You Shouldn’t Do with SQL Server (Data Access Developer “Don’ts”) http://www.dotnetjunkies.ddj.com/Article/86F0988E-FED4-414F-BA2E-D01D953C11BE.dcik
Ten dos and don’ts for secure coding http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/0,289483,sid14_gci1172049,00.html
Cross Site Scripting http://www.cert.org/archive/pdf/cross_site_scripting.pdf http://www.acunetix.com/websitesecurity/cross-site-scripting.htm
The Cross Site Scripting (XSS) FAQ http://www.cgisecurity.com/articles/xss-faq.shtml
XSS (Cross Site Scripting) Cheat Sheet http://ha.ckers.org/xss.html
SQL Injection Cheat Sheet http://ha.ckers.org/blog/20070315/sql-injection-cheat-sheet/

Other Resources

AusCERT is the national Computer Emergency Response Team for Australia http://www.auscert.org.au/
SANS Institute http://www.sans.org/free_resources.php

Internet Banking Security Assessment Considerations

Posted by :Derek On : August 5, 2008

I was asked some time ago to provide a list of things which may be considered when looking at Internet Banking.

Below is the list. It was just a brain dump and as such may not be complete.

Don’t underestimate the value of standards for your infrastructure, website configuration, database engine configuration/architecture,staging environment and development/QA environments.

Some thoughts:

Many don’t lock accounts after X failed logins, this is normally done for good customer service, but leaves the system vulnerable.

– And all the other things expected for a remote login session (forced password changes, aging, etc))
– Tools such as Brutus may be use to brute force hack authenticated sessions.

Many allow session sequence numbers to be incremented, allowing an authenticated user to view other customer session.

– These may be server side, client side, cookie based, etc.
– Get someone to check the development methodologies and the code being used.
– Database query strings can be placed into test entry fields, allowing table dumps to browser.
– Check all pages served are secure and contain user authentication flags.

Customer data may not be segregated, this needs to be checked.
Customer data should not reside on the Web Server.

Authentication databases / system data should not reside on the webserver.
The databases should reside on a private/semi-private network.

– A different segment to the main banking system.

Webserver should be dual homed or equivalent (some VLAN techniques are good)

– Separate private and public network cards, monitoring/backup/administration
– Infrastructure set-up to explicitly deny inbound/outbound ports, private IP & monitoring escaping from the network.

At all data segregation points ensure rules are in place which appreciates the traffic though that point.

All customer data where possible should be sourced from a secure back-end database.

– This may be a staging environment. i.e. no the main banking system.
– This usually allows for transactions to appear real time to the customer.
– Many transactions may be batched in reality. (internal or external to the bank)

Ensure suitable rules have been set-up on firewalls.

– There should be inbound and outbound rules on firewalls and filtering routers.

Don’t allow any infrastructure on the front end to allow remote administrative connections. (telnet, etc.)

– Use the serial console port to connect to a server or back-end terminal server.

Look for the segregation / staging of online customer content from main banking systems

Ensure that a separate development / QA / production environment system and suitable process is in place.

Services not used by the system are active

– These should be disabled.

Port scan of the supporting infrastructure (routers /switches) and server(s).

– Investigate the reasons for all open ports.

Don’t use the main gateway for trusted partner access (clearing / RAS / etc.)
Do all that standard IIS checks and NT checks (Sample scripts, change management, patching methodologies, etc.)
Ensure denial of service precaution have been taken into account for all infrastructure and server equipment.
Check the adequacy of the escalation procedures used.

– Look for real-time monitoring and alerting.
– Look for responsibility matrix.
– Look for ownership of issues.

Consider upstream carrier(s) vulnerability (denial of service, IP spoofing, DNS hacking, etc)
Consider social engineering of customer, administrative, partner accounts / systems / infrastructure.

– Helpdesk procedures and policies and/or alternate technologies (Caller ID, Gateway IP, etc.).

Use dynamic passwords where possible (SecureID, TACACS, etc.).
Use encrypted tunnelling where needed (IPSec, Firewall 1, etc)
Consider looking at other customer authentication methods to enhance existing methods.

– Digital cert, IP address locked to account, etc.
– Consider use of CVV or CVN for bank issued cards.

Consider how passwords are distributed /changed for customers.

– Plain text email, telephone, etc.
– Can passwords be changed online?

Is additional authentication used between sections of the services once authenticated?
Consider what the customer has access to once authenticated.

– Look at SWIFT, RTGS, inter-bank transfers, access to credit cards, etc.
– If an attacker does get in, what can the do?

Use techniques to ensure pages, customer details are not cached at ISP, or client system.

– These are flags that can be set within pages.
– Normally SSL is cached, but some proxy vendors have been playing with techniques to do so.
– Caching of SSL pages on the client system can be turned on on some browsers.
– May banks use a Java (or similar) applet for all customer interaction, restricting all caching issues.

Ensure paper based and on-line liability clauses are available are address all effected areas.
Ensure within the customer sign-up process banking liability is reduced.

– I’ve seen statements like “use this system at your own risk, responsibility for any liability or claim will NOT……”
– Not very customer focused, but that’s what their legal department recommended.

All of the above can effect the security and/or operation of an on-line banking system.

Other things to consider:

External development and support of the application.
Ownership and management of the hardware/applications
Publishing points for new content (internal/private/trusted network or Internet)
Topology of front end.Â i.e. Security Architecture document should be in place and managed appropriately.
Are limited AP tests performed whenever changes are made to the environment? i.e. integrated AP into Change management process.
Database access. Is it buffered or is it live to the core banking systems.
What facilities are provided? Direct debit + Credit Card + SWIFT + ……. Consider different scenarios for your attack depending on the feature.
What other services are shared within the network segment that the Internet Banking service is running. Can this be used to compromise the Internet Banking site. eg. different support/business/development organisations with differing security strategies/profiles.
Consider all external supporting services within you AP. Look at internal/external DNS poisoning opportunities, mail relay, etc. What IPS’s do they use has the ISP any opportunity to access systems or supporting services which may affect Internet Banking.
Depending on the size of the Bank, many organisation do not use the same support groups for infrastructure and the application. As a result external connections to the infrastructure may be provided for an external support organisation to administer the infrastructure.
Look at the business and user authentication methods and paths (client side certs, secure ID, SMART Card, etc). Consider two factor authentication and modern user identification methods. eg. what is your favourite food in addition to normal usernames and passwords. Do system administration staff use dynamic passwords (secureID, etc)?
See if the Internet Banking application sends email to users which may contain interesting information.
Better access to the application can generally be gained after access to the system. i.e. get an legitimate account on the system. I have found that some sample/administration screens have been restricted to authenticated users only.
Consider social engineering the Help desk to have an account password reset.

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